曾景來的宗教哲學──近代日本佛教研究與佛陀觀

Zeng Jing-lai’s Philosophy of Religion–Contemporary Japanese Buddhist Studies and the Concept of“Buddha”

本文透過檢討曾景來（1902-1977）的〈阿含の佛陀觀〉（1928）、《臺灣宗教と迷信陋習》（1938）及其前後的宗教與道德論，試圖挖掘出其宗教哲學成立的可能性。本文首先梳理曾景來當時所處的臺灣宗教發展情況及其求學時深受影響的日本近代佛教研究狀況、大乘非佛說論之歷史脈絡。接著，藉助當代日本近代佛教研究之考察，從主觀宗教信仰與客觀歷史研究、宗教學與佛教學、學院派與宗派的佛教研究、普遍與特殊的宗教哲學等問題意識出發，檢視曾景來的原始佛教理解、佛陀自覺論及宗教與道德論。最後，以構築宗教哲學的「教、行、信、證」之原理，探討曾景來對法、佛關係的理解，並結論出其「法佛不一」與「法佛不二」之主張，開啟了一種普遍宗教哲學的討論空間。

This paper explores the possibility of establishing Zeng Jing-lai’s (1902-1977) philosophy of religion by considering“The Concept of ‘Buddha’ in the Āgamas”(1928),“Taiwan’s Religions and Superstitious Practices”(1938), and his discussions on religion and ethics. This paper begins by examining the development of religion in Taiwan during Zeng Jing-lai’s life and the state of Japanese Buddhist studies, which had a significant influence on him as a student, including the rejection by some scholars of the Mahāyāna as not spoken by the Buddha. Then, with the aid of the resarch conducted on contemporary Japanese Buddhism, this paper will investigate Zeng Jing-lai’s understanding of early Buddhism, the theory on the Buddha’s self-originated Wisdom, and his discussion of religions and ethic. These questions will be approached through the study of subjective religious beliefs and objective history, religious studies and Buddhist studies, studies on Buddhist scholasticism and schools, and issues on the universal and particular subjects of the philosophy of religion. Finally, with the principles consitutive of the philosophy of religion (Teaching, Practice, Faith, and Attainment), we shall probe into Zeng Jing-lai’s understanding of the relation between the dharmas and the Buddha, culminating with his claims on the“Non-Singularity of the dharmas and the Buddha”and the“Non-duality of the dharmas and the Buddha”, which open the possibility of a type of universal philosophy of religion.