日本禪學的近代化與臺灣佛教──以忽滑谷快天與井上秀天為中心

The Modernization of Japanese Zen and Taiwanese Buddhism–The Cases of Nukariya Kaiten and Inoue Shuten

忽滑谷快天（1867-1934）在慶應大學在學中，便英譯了曹洞宗的教義書，並使用Zazen這個表記。畢業後，他重視科學的合理性思維，從否定、批評傳統禪學的態度來進行禪研究。快天於歐美考察期間，在倫敦出版了The Religion of the Samurai: A Study of Zen Philosophy in China and Japan。成為駒澤大學校長的快天，受到曾景來、李添春等來自臺灣的留學生的尊敬，並給予這些留學生很大的影響。學成歸國後的曾景來，試圖透過近代佛教思想，來解決臺灣的社會問題。井上秀天（1880-1945）和快天一樣，擅長英語，亦對傳統禪學持批判態度，其研究立足在此基礎之上。在臺灣從事曹洞宗布教的秀天，在遊歷印度等亞洲各國後，曾一段時間在臺灣活動過，然他對臺灣佛教的影響，至今尚未明確，有待今後的挖掘與研究。

As a student at Keio University, Nukariya Kaiten (1867-1934) began translating texts from the Sōtō (Caodong) school into English, using the term“Zazen”. After graduation, he emphasized scientific rational thinking and continued his study of Zen with a critical outlook, repudiating traditional Zen. During his visit to the West, his work The Religion of the Samurai: A Study of Zen Philosophy in China and Japan got published in London. Appointed as the Headmaster of Komazawa University, he was highly respected and had a great influence on international students from Taiwan, like Zeng Jing-lai, Li Tian-chun, etc. Returning back home after graduation, Zeng Jing-lai attempted to settle the social issues of Taiwan through the ideas of contemporary Buddhism. Similarly to Nukariya Kaiten, Inoue Shuten (1880-1945) was not only fluent in English, but also repudiated traditional Zen, which had formed the foundation of his studies. Engaging in the mission of the spreading Sōtō Buddhism in Taiwan, Inoue was active in Taiwan for some times after his journey to Asian countries like India. However, his influence on Taiwanese Buddhism has remained unknown until now and awaits future investigation and research.