中國改革開放時期福清赴日移民的離返經驗與非正式經濟

The Diaspora/Return Experience and the Informal Economy of Fuqing Immigrants to Japan during China’Reform and Opening-up

改革開放後，大量中國新移民赴日發展，福清社群是其中最具代表性的社群之一。然而，不少在日福清人未具合法居留身份，經濟活動遊走於灰色地帶引發爭議，其生存狀態及發展策略值得探討。本文從跨國主義的視角出發，結合訪談及社會學理論，探索中國赴日移民的離散經驗及非正式經濟。我們首先梳理福清赴日移民的歷史和政策背景，其次透過十四位受訪者的口述資料描繪在日中國新移民的各種離返經驗，從而進行理論分析。
共同的離返經驗所形成的社會網絡是移民創業的重要資源，但是既有的研究多集中於跨境治理及僑鄉發展等，對於移民創業的分析流於表面，也很少處理非正式經濟等敏感議題。上世紀末中日經濟發展的巨大落差、以及非正式經濟的鉅額創收的背景下，福清移民不計代價積累資本，對中日移民發展及跨國治理造成不利影響。本文由深度訪談獲得大量一手資料，指出移民的社會網絡既能載舟也能覆舟，初期雖有助於移民在日生存創業，但福清社群緊密的人際網絡及獲利至上的發展意志，卻也成為跨國金融犯罪的溫床。

During the beginning of China’s reform and opening-up, a significant number of new Chinese immigrants went to Japan for survival, and the Fuqing community is one of the most representative among them. However, many Fuqing people“going abroad”to Japan lack legal residency status, some of them engaging in informal economy, leading to controversy. Their living conditions and development strategies are worthy of discussion. From the perspective of transnationalism, this paper combining interviews and sociological theories, to explore their diaspora experiences and informal economy of Chinese immigrants to Japan. First, we outline the historical and policy background of Fuqing new immigrants to Japan. Second, through oral narratives from 14 interviewees, depict various experiences of new Chinese immigrants in Japan, thereby conducting theoretical analysis.
The social networks formed through shared diaspora/return experiences are important resources for immigrant entrepreneurship. However, most existing literature focused on cross border governance and overseas Chinese hometown development, providing superficial analyses of immigrant entrepreneurship and often neglecting sensitive issues like the informal economy. Against the backdrop of the significant economic disparities between China and Japan at the end of the 20 century and the substantial profits of the informal economy, Fuqing immigrants accumulated capital at any cost, which adversely affected the development of Chinese and Japanese immigrant’s community and transnational governance. Based on amounts of in-depth interviews, we point out that immigrant social networks can both facilitate and hinder success. Although it helps immigrants survive and start businesses in Japan in the early stage, the close network and the profit-driven development mindset have also served as a breeding ground for transnational financial crimes.