載人航天商業化的國際損害責任制度：困境與應對

The International Liability Regime for Damage in the Commercialization of Human Spaceflight: Dilemmas and Responses

載人航天商業化的發展需要平衡外層空間的公共性和商業載人航天的私營性，國際損害責任制度對管控商業載人航天的成本和風險至關重要。國際外空法對國際損害責任進行了一般性、原則性規定，部分航天國家在國內法中對商業載人航天的損害責任予以明確。基於外空領域的現有責任規則，構建國際損害責任制度面臨著責任主體和索賠主體不明、過失作為例外要件存在不合理、國際保險標准難統一、責任分配制度待完善的困境。對此，可考慮通過關聯性確認責任主體和索賠主體、對損害統一適用絕對責任、引入強制責任保險、形成雙重責任制度，為國家載人航天商業化發展提供制度構建思路；同時，促進國際社會達成共識，推動人類命運共同體理念在外空領域的進一步實現。

The development of commercial human spaceflight requires a balance between the public nature of outer space and the private nature of commercial human spaceflight. An international liability regime for damage is essential to manage the costs and risks of commercial human spaceflight. International space law provides general and principled provisions on international liability for damage, and some spacefaring nations have specified liability for damage in their national laws. Based on the existing liability rules in the field of outer space, the construction of an international liability regime for damage is faced with the dilemma of unclear liability subjects and claim subjects, the unreasonable existence of negligence as an exceptional element, the difficulty of unifying international insurance standards, and a liability allocation system in need of improvement. To address the problems faced in the construction of an international liability regime for damage, the international community can identify the subjects of liability and claims through correlation, apply absolute liability for damage, introduce mandatory insurance rules, and form a system of dual liability, thereby providing ideas for the construction of a national legal system for the commercialization of human spaceflight, and at the same time, facilitating the consensus of the international community and the further realization of the concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind in the field of outer space.