數字產品的非歧視待遇問題研究

The Non-discriminatory Treatment of Digital Products

CPTPP、DEPA等經貿協定構建了數字產品非歧視待遇的規制框架，但由於數字產品兼具貨物與服務的特徵，對其法律定性存在爭議，難以明確其“同類性”和“較低待遇”判定標準，導致數字產品非歧視待遇的適用存在不確定性。當前既不宜簡單地選擇貨物或服務的標準，也尚不具備條件構建統一標準適用數字產品非歧視待遇。可行路徑是在個案中根據被比較對象的法律定性，分析數字產品所具有的貨物或服務屬性，對應參考貨物或服務的非歧視待遇判定標準，探索數字產品非歧視待遇的法理。我國應以加入CPTPP 與DEPA談判為契機，運用“負面清單”與“例外條款”合法有序開放數字產品市場，在後續數字貿易規則談判中明確數字產品法律定性的立場，深化數字產品非歧視待遇的實踐。

CPTPP, DEPA and other economic and trade agreements have constructed a regulatory framework for the non-discriminatory treatment of digital products, but due to the characteristics of digital products as both goods and services, there are divergences on their legal characterization, making it difficult to clarify the criteria for determining the “likeness” and “less favorable treatment” of digital products, resulting in uncertainties in the application of the non-discriminatory treatment. At present, it is neither appropriate to simply choose the standard of goods or services, nor is it yet in a position to establish a unified standard to apply the non-discriminatory treatment of digital products. A practical path is to analyze the characteristics of goods or services of digital products according to the legal characterization of the object of comparison in individual cases, and then refer to the criteria of goods or services accordingly, gradually explore the jurisprudence of non-discriminatory treatment of digital products. China should take the opportunity of joining CPTPP and DEPA to reasonably use the “negative lists”and“exception clauses”to open its digital product market legally and orderly. Moreover, China should clarify the position of legal characterization of digital products in the subsequent negotiation of digital trade rules and deepen the practice of non-discriminatory treatment of digital products.