數字時代大數據輔助司法證明的構造及其風險防控

Construction and Risk Prevention of Big Data-assisted Judicial Proof in Digital Age

“大數據輔助證明” 有助於提升事實認定的科學性與準確性。大數據輔助證明以整體主義為指引，在證據推理環節通過大數據技術高效組織數據，整合經驗概括對個案中的推論命題和要件事實等的確定形成類型化指引；在證據評價環節可以輔助證據標准的數據化校驗與證明力概率評價的科學化。如果對大數據智能產生非理性崇拜，那麼其有可能異化為新的神明裁判方式，侵蝕理性主義傳統，導致認知偏差難以得到控制，證明責任的界限模糊化，以及用“客觀規律”代替“認識論概率”等問題，而且會增加事實認定在各方面的附隨風險。為應對挑戰，司法證明的重心應當從“信息規制”邁向“風險防控”，並堅守數據技術的輔助性，訴訟主體的認知交互性和證明的外部可檢驗性原則。當大數據輔助證明誘發的風險無法通過隔離、警示和對抗等手段預防時，應當合理分配證明過程中的風險。

Big data-assisted proofing enhances the scientificity and accuracy of fact identification. Guided by holism, efficiently organizing data through big data technology and integrating experience allows for proof-form type guidance in the evidential reasoning process by summarizing inferential propositions and facts in cases. Evidence evaluation can be aided by data verification of evidence standards and scientific probability evaluation of proof power. If big data intelligence is worshipped irrationally, it may become a new form of divine judgment. The rationalist tradition may be eroded by big data-assisted proof, which can also lead to problems, such as the challenge of controlling cognitive bias, blurring out of the burden of proof, and replacing epistemological probability with objective law. Furthermore, the risks of fact-finding are multiplied in terms of error, cost, tort, and ethics. To cope with the challenges, the emphasis on judicial proof should shift from information regulation to risk prevention, and stick to auxiliary data technology, cognitive interaction between litigation subjects and external testability of evidence. If isolation, warning, or countermeasures are not enough to prevent the risk induced by the big data auxiliary proof, the risk in the proof process must be apportioned reasonably. The development and reflection of intelligent proof verification systems and social risk assessment systems can benefit from clarifying the structure and risks of big data-assisted proof.