康熙與乾隆對清代〈禹貢〉學的影響——以胡渭《禹貢錐指》為討論核心

The Yugong in Qing dynasty affected by Emperors Kangxi and Qianlong

《欽定四庫全書總目》對胡渭《禹貢錐指》評價很高，譽其為宋代以降〈禹貢〉學之冠。除了胡渭用力之深，成就斐然外，本文試著從帝王行為影響學術的角度探討。《禹貢錐指》書成不久後，便進呈康熙御覽，胡渭與該書同受康熙恩賞。康熙固然出於拉攏人心，卻不能忽略他雅好〈禹貢〉地理的因素。康熙主持測繪〈皇輿全覽圖〉、窮河源；而乾隆繼承康熙之志，同樣遣人窮河源、繪製河源輿圖。二位帝王主持輿地的同時，也讓大臣分別編纂《尚書地理今釋》及《欽定河源紀畧》，二書皆參考、檢討《禹貢錐指》。由於胡渭考證〈禹貢〉地理甚為精密，契合康、乾二帝窮地理的理想，因此無論政治方面，還是方法學上，《禹貢錐指》實躬逢其盛。在帝王與官方的重視下，學者亦以《禹貢錐指》為討論/檢討對象，然而皆不出「考證」之法。本文最後指出，翁方綱批評《禹貢錐指》以考證治〈禹貢〉，有失經義。相較於官方的重視，翁方綱的批評實有所指，暗示官方強調〈禹貢〉求真，不惜動用資源，反而失去〈禹貢〉精神。

The Yugong Zhuizhi (禹貢錐指) was wrote bye Hu Wai. Yugon Zhuizhi was commended by General Catalogues of Imperial Collection of Four (欽定四庫全書總目) Because Kangxi emperor saw the book and praised Hu Wai. Kangxi emperor concentrated on Yugong (禹貢) geography and Map of United Country of the Qing Dynasty. Qianlong emperor also concentrated on Yugon. He send government officials to seek the sour of Yellow River. Kangxi and Qianlong asked government officials to write Geography of Shangshu (禹貢地理今釋) and Prospecting the sour of Yellow River(欽定河源紀畧). Two books quoted Yugong Zhuizhi for many times. Many scholar in Qing Dynasty followed the example of Yugong Zhuizhi. Weng Fanggang criticized Yugon Zhuizhi that was too accurate in Yugong. Weng Fanggang claimed scholars find the spirit Yugong instead of geography.