錢穆先生《論語文解》的文法論述及其現代意義

Qian Mu’s Comments on Essay Writing Rules in Lunyu wenjie and Its Modern Significance

出版於1918年的《論語文解》，是錢穆先生（1895－1990）早年擔任小學教員之際，受馬建忠（1845－1900）《文通》啟發而編寫的教材，也是錢先生第一部正式出版的著述。此著以「積字成句」和「集句成章」的觀點，在《文通》文法知識的基礎上，根據「排比、對偶」的句法論，「起、承、轉、結」的章法論，分析《論語》文句的組織。從而為讀者揭示句子相沿接績的法則，指掌文章理致大要，以資言論修養之準。本文認為，錢先生《論語文解》之撰，反映出中國文法學在初創時期，與文章學、修辭學邊界模糊雜錯的狀態。但與此同時，亦因錢先生對《論語》的語文現象提出了有系統的分析和觀察，而為民國初年新式學制下的古典和語文的教育，帶來了在讀經存廢爭議之外，具有積極意義的教學示範，並為現代讀者認識《論語》文章屬性以及古代文章流變，提供了新視角。

Published in 1918, Lunyu wenjie (Grammar Analysis of the Analects) was a textbook inspired by Mashi wentong (Ma’s Grammar) written by Qian Mu when he was a primary school teacher in his early years, and it was also his first officially published work. In Lunyu Wenjie, Qian examined the sentence structures of the Analects based on four elements: the viewpoint that“a speech is based on sentences; a sentence is formed by the accumulation of characters”, the grammatical knowledge illustrated in Ma’s Grammar, the syntactic and lexical parallelism used in Chinese coordinate structure and the organizational pattern“qi-cheng-zhuan-jie”in writings. In this way, it reveals the rules of the sequence of sentences, grasps the general idea of the article, and serves as the foundation for a refined speech. The paper argues that Qian’s Grammar Analysis of the Analects is a reflection of society when the pursuit of“wenfa”had just emerged in China and the meanings of grammar and rhetoric remained confusing. Meanwhile, with the systematic and integrative analysis of the Analects, the work is considered an effective teaching textbook for language and general education under the new westernized school system in the early republican period. It also provides the modern readers with a new aspect to understand the attributes of the Analects and the evolution of classical literary work in China.