王廷相的氣本群體與氣化身體

Wang Tingxiang's“Qi as the Source”Group and“Qi as the Transformation”Body

王廷相是以「氣」為本，而學界對此已有不少相關討論，然而，本文認為在現今研究現況中，廷相義理尚有未被抉發處，即重氣思維下的群體與身體。廷相的身體思維，既是立基在「氣」，意即「氣」牽動對「身體」的如何理解，在以「氣」言「身體」前提下，身體自始至終是群體之人。顯然地，「身體」的相關闡釋，則又必須先行釐清廷相如何理解「群體」。正緣此故，全文即分「氣本思維的群體」與「氣化思維的身體」兩階段作探討。「氣本思維的群體」先由「元氣之中，萬有俱備」，說明廷相以「氣」涵概有形無形的一切，故可將「氣」視為最大的群體。接著再從在「一虛一實，皆氣也」，揭示「氣」既為實有，而由氣形成的一切的群體，亦為實有，此乃正面理解天地、萬物及人。「氣化思維的身體」先討論「『性生於氣』：群體之人的身體」，指出廷相對人的認知，既在彰顯群體之人的同時，其實也意味對「人」的整體理解，必須在包括形軀肉體與道德主體的「身體」，而非單獨關注在道德主體，此就得更加考慮客觀現實對人的影響。進而闡發「『時命不我由』：身體的限制與創造」，則理解到廷相既言時命對人的限制，然而在氣化身體的思維中，人又能獲得如「情各適而自得」的尊重對象，或者透過「共感」突破一己之限制。

Wang Tingxiang's thinking is based on ''qi''. There have been many related discussions in the academic circles. However, these current studies still seldom discuss some parts of Wang Tingxiang's thoughts, that is, the group and body under the ''qi'' thinking. Because Wang Tingxiang's thoughts on the body are based on the ''qi'', which means that the ''qi'' will affect our understanding of the ''body''. On this basis, the body is always an individual in the group. Therefore, before interpreting the ''body'', we must first clarify Wang Tingxiang's understanding of the ''group''. Based on this, this article will be divided into two stages for discussion, namely, ''the group thought that regards qi as the source'' and ''the body thought that regards qi as the transformation''. In ''the group thought that regards qi as the source'', Wang Tingxiang believes that ''in the qi, everything is ready'', that is to say, qi contains all things tangible and intangible. Therefore, ''qi'' can be regarded as the largest group. He also said, ''Whether it is imaginary or real, it is all qi.'' This means that since ''Qi'' truly exists, all groups formed by Qi also truly exist. This is a positive understanding of heaven and earth, all things and people. In ''the body thought that regards qi as the transformation'', this article first discusses ''character comes from qi: the body of a group of individuals''. This article attempts to point out that what Wang Tingxiang wants to highlight is not only the individuals belonging to the group, but also emphasizes that the overall understanding of people should include the physical and moral ''body'', rather than focusing only on the moral subject. In this way, we must reconsider the impact of objective reality on people. This article then elaborates on ''The timing and destiny cannot be determined by me: the limitation and creation of the body''. Only in this way can we understand that Wang Tingxiang does not simply believe that time and fate will limit people. He also believes that in the body thought of qi as the transformation, people can obtain a respectable object that suits their own temperaments, or they can break through their own limitations through empathy.