臺灣南島語的語態系統在型態學上的地位：論受事焦點句構的多重功能

A Voice System in Search of an Identity: The Multiple Functions of the Patient Voice Construction in Formosan Languages

菲律賓型態的語言有別於一般人熟悉的印歐語：印歐語中的主語揉合了語用的主題跟語義的行為主動者兩個概念，但臺灣南島語的語法系統把主題／行為主動者兩個概念作明顯的區分，因此一般所謂的主語的概念（魯凱語除外）在臺灣南島語也就無法成立。印歐語常見的語樞是建立在「主語」的概念上，因此可以推知語樞也不見於臺灣南島語。主語，語樞，以及被動語態三者關係密切，彼此相互確立。沒有主語也沒有語樞的語言如何表達被動語態？臺灣南島語沒有語法上的被動式，這些語言如何表現被動語意？本文針對主事焦點句之外佔最大百分比的受事焦點句構作深度的言談分析，論證兩點：一為臺灣南島語沒有「語樞」；二為臺灣南島語是利用言談結構中的被動版式表達概念上的被動語意。主要的結論是受事焦點句式有三大言談功能：作為主動及物句，作為被動句以及作為語用上的反逆句。這些結果顯示受事焦點句有別於一般的句構，既非及物句，也非被動句，也非返逆句，而是這三種功用兼具。如果在適當的言談情境下，受事焦點句構嚴格講其實是幾個不同句構的組合。因此臺灣南島語的語態系統相當特殊，形態學上的意義與地位值得重新審視。

Philippine-type languages, including Formosan languages spoken in Taiwan, are known to lack the grammatical category of subject representing convergence of topic, actor and pivot and do not have a pivot system governed by the exigencies of topicality and linkage patterns under coreference. In this study we presented the Formosan solution to‘voice’by undertaking a systematic examination of patient voice constructions in four Formosan languages. Three distinct discourse functions of patient voice constructions were distinguished based on evidence from discourse linkage patterns, namely active transitive, notional passive, and pragmatic inverse. The PV constructions in Formosan languages are not true voice constructions in the traditional sense, since PVs in these languages are neither active, nor inverse, nor passive, precisely because they can be all of them, given appropriate discourse context. These empirical findings pose a challenge to the mainstream views on voice marking and call for a rethinking of the typology of the voice systems in the world’languages.