數據要素市場的法律建構：模式比較與中國路徑

Legal Construction of the Data Factor Market: Model Comparison and China's Path

數據要素市場無法自然生成、自發運作，其發展有賴於法律在市場願景與市場架構兩方面的塑造。比較法研究表明：歐盟通過市場賦能型法律，形成了數據要素公義市場和自主市場；美國則憑藉市場嵌入型法律，形成了數據要素有效市場和自主市場。基於有效市場和有為政府相結合的“制內市場”理論，我國應將有效市場與公義市場作為數據要素市場培育之鵠的；基於市場發展階段、法律功能、法律組織等特質，我國應以市場賦能型法律為主、市場嵌入型法律為輔，開展數據確權並規範多層次市場體系以達致有效市場，向公眾賦權並合比例地限制數據控制者權利以達致公義市場，最終建構一個統一、開放、高效、公平的數據要素市場。

The data factor market cannot he naturally generated or operated spontaneously, and its development depends on the shaping of the law in terms of market vision and market structure. Comparative studies shows that the EU has formed democratic markets and liberal markets for data through ''market - enabling laws'', while the United States has formed efficient markets and liberal markets for data by virtue of ''market - embedded laws''. Based on the '' market in state'' theory that combines an effective market with a promising government, our country should take ''effective markets and democratic markets'' as the goal of cultivating the data factor markets ; based on the characteristics of market development stage, legal function, legal organization and other characteristics, market - enabling laws should he given priority and market - embedded laws should be supplemented to carry out data rights and standardize the multi - level market system to achieve efficient markets, which empower the public and restrict the rights of data controllers in proportion to achieve democratic markets, and ultimately build a unified, open, efficient, and fair data factor market.