基於合同目的與實務研判的守約方認可規則研究

On ''Observant Party's Recognition'' Rule Based on Contractual Purpose and Practical Research

國際貨物貿易合同構成根本違約，意味著合同目的不達，並進而影響合同效力。如果守約方的某些認可行為能夠補正合同目的實現，則應當從法律層面予以認可，以儘量實現國際貨物貿易合同的履行效率。守約方認可規則的基本表達為：國際貿易合同存在守約方與違約方，且守約方主張根本違約；違約方雖不得積極主張根本違約，但享有特殊抗辯權以避免合同過快落入根本違約的境地；在現有法律框架下，守約方認可仍是一種實踐性法律推定而非成文規範，不包括守約方對違約行為的明確接受、對違約方的債務免除或者與違約方進行重新協商等情形。這一規則已在《聯合國國際貨物銷售合同公約》中初見端倪。實踐中，我國司法實務已經通過案例審判確立了部分關於守約方認可的法律規則，如守約方自行達到合同目的、合理履約行為以及可作為守約方認可替代標準的第二人的認可等。當事人應當認識到守約方認可規則的合理因素與潛在利益，從違約方和守約方的兩種視角充分利用這一規則，盡可能避免合同走向根本違約的境地。

The fundamental breach of contract means that the contract's essential purpose is frustrated, and then affects its validity. If some recognition of the non-breaching party can supplement the purpose of the contract, it should be recognized from the legal level, so as to achieve the performance efficiency of the international trade in goods contract. The basic expression of the recognition rule of the observant party is as follows: there is a nonbreaching party and the breaching party in an international trade contract, and the non-breaching party claims a fundamental breach; Although the breaching party may not actively claim the fundamental breach, it has the special defense right to prevent the contract from being deemed fundamental breach too quickly. Under the existing legal framework, recognition of the observant party is still a practical legal presumption rather than a written norm. This excludes the non-breaching party's explicit acceptance of the breaching act, the cancellation of the breaching party's debt or the renegotiation with the breaching party. Such a rule has already appeared in the CISG Convention. In practice, our country's judicial practice has established some legal rules regarding the accreditation of non-breaching parties through case trials, such as the non-breaching party to achieve the purpose of the contract, reasonable performance behavior, and the third party accreditation who can be used as the alternative standard of non-breaching party accreditation. The parties should recognize the reasonable factors and potential benefits of the non-breaching party recognition rules, and make full use of these rules from the perspectives of the breaching party and the nonbreaching party to avoid the situation of fundamental breach of contract.