“法源理論”視野下的國際商事慣例：定性辨正與適用闡微

International Commercial Usage from the Perspective of Sources of Law Theory: Analysis on Identification and Application

國際商事慣例構成要件和效力來源從合一走向分離的歷史嬗變決定了應將研究重心從空洞的概念主義之爭轉向實用的功能主義之路，避免繼續深陷國際慣例是事實還是法律的理論爭議泥潭。法理學“法源理論”的最新發展為重思國際慣例的性質提供了新的理論視角，國際商事慣例具有對法律推理大小前提之含義解釋和漏洞補充的雙重功能，但其本身既非降格為合同條款也無法升格為實證法律，宜將其視為構成裁判依據認知淵源的特殊規則體系，進而克服定性衝突對功能發揮造成的影響。我國《民法典》“國際慣例淵源條款”的缺失則為重構國際慣例的適用規則鋪墊了現實契機，應從體例設置和內容修正兩個維度雙向發力，為未來國際商事慣例在中國的適用提供更為精細完備的法律依據。

The historical evolution from unity to separation of the constitutive requirements and the source of effect of international commercial usages determines that the research focus should be shifted from the empty conceptualism to the practical way, avoiding the theoretical quagmire of whether international usages are facts or laws. The latest development of the theory of source of law in jurisprudence provides a new theoretical perspective for rethinking the nature of international practice. International commercial usage has the dual functions of explaining the meaning of the major and minor premises of legal reasoning and filling the loopholes, but it can neither be degraded to the terms of contract nor upgraded to positive law. It is better to regard it as a special system of rules that constitute the cognitive source of judgment, so as to overcome the influence of qualitative conflict on function. The absence of concerning clause on the source of international usage in Civil Code paves the way for the reconstruction of the applicable rules of international practice, which should be done from two dimensions including style design and content revision, so as to provide a more perfect legal basis for the future application of international commercial usage in China.