國際法視角下公海保護區內合理限制捕魚措施研究——兼論與BBNJ協定的協調問題

Research on the Reasonable Restriction of Fishing Measures in the High Seas Protected Areas and the Coordination with the BBNJ Agreement from the Perspective of International Law

隨著公海保護區建設進程的推進以及BBNJ協定對於公海保護區的關注，如何在公海保護區內合理限制捕魚自由已經成為理論界與實務界熱議的問題。以《聯合國海洋法公約》為代表的國際法文件雖然規定了一些限制捕魚的措施，但存在諸多局限。雖然既有的四個公海保護區限制捕魚的實踐措施有明顯的改進，但仍存在一些疏漏。同時，公海保護區在限制捕魚方面與BBNJ協定的協調性仍待加強。從國際法角度分析，完善公海保護區內合理限制捕魚的措施，既要立足于現實、穩妥地加以推進，又要通過適當的國際條約，採取寬嚴適度的限制措施。具體而言，應當在限制捕魚的方式、例外規定、針對非締約方的倡導性規定、提升公海漁業透明度以及增強與BBNJ協定的協調性等方面繼續探索與完善。我國應當積極遵守現有公海保護區的合理限制捕魚措施，參與未來公海保護區的建設，提升漁業透明度，加強打擊IUU捕撈的國際合作。

With the development of marine protected areas (MPAs) on the high seas in the international community and of the provisions regarding MPAs prescribed in the BBNJ agreement, how to reasonably restrict the freedom of fishing in MPAs on the high seas has become a hot topic in theory and practice. A few international instruments represented by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea stipulated several fishing-restricting measures. However, these measures are limited. Although the fishing practices of the four high seas MPAs that have been established by the international community improve these restrictions somewhat, their shortcomings are evident. In addition, how to coordinate the practice in the high seas MPAs and the BBNJ agreement regarding restrictions on the freedom of fishing remains unclear. From the perspective of international law, the improvement of reasonable restrictions on the freedom of fishing in high seas MPAs should be based on reality and proper international treaties, proceed steadily and take restriction measures which are neither too broad nor too narrow. Specifically, we should continue to develop mechanisms such as ways of restricting fishing, exceptions, advocacy provisions for non-contracting parties, increasing high seas fisheries transparency and improving coordination between high seas MPAs and the BBNJ agreement. China should abide by the reasonable fishing restriction measures applicable in existing high seas MPAs, actively take part in the construction of future high seas MPAs, and increase high seas fisheries transparency to strengthen international cooperation in combating IUU fishing.