我國對外制裁的國際合法性問題研究

Study on the International Legality of China’s External Sanctions

無論是應對外國制裁的反制裁措施，還是主動的制裁措施，都屬國際法上的單邊制裁。對單邊制裁國際合法性的判斷，建立在對典型單邊制裁措施的梳理以及對國際法規範的闡明上，尤其是對例外條款和反措施條款的解釋上，並最終落腳於個案分析。目前，我國對外制裁在國際合法性建設方面還有待加強，一方面應進一步完善和細化實體層面上制裁目的、制裁對象、制裁類型和制裁程度的相關規定；另一方面應明確程序層面上爭端解決程序、履行通報磋商義務以及措施調整義務。為發揮我國外交政策在國際社會中的示範效用，國際合法性的提升應該被作為對外制裁體系建設的重要目標，《反外國制裁法》實體和程序規範的完善，是實現該目標的具體途徑。

Both counter-sanctions in response to foreign sanctions and active sanctions are unilateral sanctions under international law. The judgment on the international legality of unilateral sanctions is based on the sorting out of typical unilateral sanctions measures and the elucidation of international law norms, especially the exception clauses and countermeasure clauses, and ultimately settles on the analysis of individual cases. At present, China’s foreign sanctions still needs to be strengthened in terms of international legality, which is reflected in the perfection and refinement of the type, target, purpose and extent of sanctions in substantive level on one hand, and the specification of the dispute settlement procedures, the obligation to notify and consult, and the obligation to adjust measures in procedural level on the other. In order to give play to the exemplary effect of China’s foreign policy in the international community, the enhancement of international legality should be an important goal in the foreign sanctions. The improvement of the substantive and procedural norms of the Anti-Foreign Sanctions rules is a concrete way to achieve this goal.