罪刑法定原則下正犯性的認定以參與自殺行為為例

參與自殺的刑法定性問題實際上是自殺和參與自殺的正犯性問題。人是自己生命的唯一法益主體，享有生命的完全處分權，自殺不具有正犯性。將共同犯罪的理論模型直接套用到參與自殺中的做法並不妥當。在認定正犯性時，不能僅因為參與自殺不符合一般的殺人行為類型就否定其正犯性。自殺是通過不可逆轉的方式處分個人最重要的法益，且自殺者通常處於病理或者心理的脆弱狀態。這決定了刑法應當禁止實質性地推進他人自殺的行為。若行為人具有實質影響被害人自殺決定的身份，且實施了實質影響被害人自殺決定的行為，則成立故意殺人罪的正犯。罪刑法定原則要求法無明文規定不得定罪處罰，並不意味著只有符合某一觀念類型的行為才能定罪處罰。承認部分參與自殺的正犯性具有合理性，而且不違背罪刑法定原則。

The issue of complicity in another’s suicide in criminal law is actually the problem of whether suicide or accomplice in suicide could be treated as principal offence in suicide cases. A person is the only legal interest subject of his or her own life, and enjoys the complete right of disposal of life. It is not appropriate to directly apply the theoretical model of joint crime to suicide. When identifying the principal, we should open up our horizons, and not deny the principal status only because the actor complicity in suicide does not match the general category of murder. Suicide is the disposal of the most important legal interest in an irreversible way, and the person who commits suicide is usually in a state of pathological or psychological vulnerability. This means that the criminal law should prohibit others from interfering in suicide. If the perpetrator has the identity that substantially affects the victim’s decision to commit suicide, and implemented the act that substantially affects the victim’s decision to commit suicide, then he or she shall be convicted as the principal of murder. The principle of legality requires that no conviction or punishment shall be imposed without an explicit provision of the law, without requiring that only acts that conform to a certain conceptual type can be convicted and punished. It is not only reasonable to treat accomplice in suicide as principal, but also is not in violation of the principle of legality.