漢語「向來」和「從來」的多層面分析與教學啟示

A Multidimensional Analysis of Temporal Adverbs Xianglai and Conglai in Chinese with Pedagogical Implications

本研究以語料庫作為分析來源，主要探究現代漢語時間副詞「向來」和「從來」在篇章的語言現象。先以前人研究為基礎，釐清兩者的語義特徵和語用差異，再進一步分析其篇章功能的異同。首先，「向來」的基本語義表達長時段的「靜態義」、「持續義」和「慣常義」，而「從來」的基本語義表達長時段的「動態義」、「持續義」和「慣常義」。就語用差異而言，「向來」偏向主觀性與相對性，而「從來」側重客觀性與絕對性。其次，從語料庫的統計數據來看，「向來」和「從來」兩者在篇章範距與焦點的對應關係相似：若兩者出現於句內範距的局部連接，主要形成句尾焦點；若兩者充當句外範距的整體連接，則帶出對比焦點。而焦點所在的判別方式可從篇章上下文的「詞彙銜接」形式與「語義連貫」關係看出。再者，從前後景功能來看，兩者出現於後景皆高於前景，用以描述某一件事，為段落提供時空背景；而「向來」和「從來」之所以多作為後景，乃是由其基本語義促成，說明了基本語義和語法化後的篇章功能往往有一定的聯繫。此外，從共現的角度，比較「向來」與「從來」與其他副詞連用情形的異同，以作為教學之參考。最後，根據以上分析結果，本研究評析多本兩岸及美國的華語教材、擬定教學策略，並將研究結果應用於教學中。

Using the linguistics corpus as the source of analysis, this study focuses on the linguistic phenomena of modern Chinese temporal adverbs xianglai and conglai in discourse. Based on previous studies, we first clarify the basic semantic features and pragmatic differences between the two, and then further analyze the similarities and differences in their discourse functions. First, the basic semantic features of xianglai expresses stativeness, duration, and habituality over a long period of time, while the basic semantic features of conglai expresses dynamics, duration, and habituality over a long period of time. In terms of pragmatic nuances, xianglai favors subjectivity and relativity, while conglai emphasizes objectivity and absoluteness. Secondly, from the corpus data, xianglai and conglai are similar in terms of the interplay between scope and focus: if they appear as local linking at the intra-sentential level, they mainly form end focus; if they serve as global linking at the extra-sentential level, they bring out contrastive focus. And the way of determining where the focus lies can be seen in terms of lexical cohesion and semantic coherence in the extended discourse context. Moreover, from the perspective of foreground and background, both appear more as a background marker than a foreground marker, to describe a certain event in providing a spatio-temporal background for the extended discourse and advancing the development of the following text. The reason why xianglai and conglai are mostly used as a background maker originates from their basic semantics, which indicates that there is often a certain connection between the basic semantics and the grammaticalized discourse function. In addition, we also compare the similarities and differences between xianglai and conglai with respect to their co-occurrences with other adverbs. Finally, based on the results of the analysis in this study, several Chinese textbooks in Taiwan, China, and U.S.A. were evaluated and teaching strategies were suggested in the hope that they could be applied to actual teaching situations.