清代臺灣科舉賦兼用八股文作法的考察──以「比體題」為例

Analyze Writing Tasks Using Eight-Part Essay: A Discussion of Metaphorical Works of Taiwanese Fu in the Qing Dynasty

「辨題體」是八股文在審題上的重要策略。「題體」原是為應付八股文題目千變萬化所推出的題型分類，各類題體有其相應的寫作模式，學習者熟悉這套知識，臨場見題便可快速入手，順利完成立意謀篇。透過實際作品閱讀發現：清代臺灣學子會將八股文「辨題體」的認知遷移到科舉賦的寫作上。陳宗賦〈鶴立雞群賦〉、曹敬〈夏雨雨人賦〉等題目接近八股文「比體題」之「明比」者，往往採取「正、喻雙關夾寫」的寫法；賴世觀〈玉壺冰賦〉的題目接近八股文「比體題」之「暗比」，則採取「比意透，則正意自對照而出」的寫法。八股文本是參加科舉的考生所必學，因而也成為學習其他科舉文類的鷹架。今日如果能對八股文有較多的認識，當有助於深入理解清代臺灣科舉賦的面貌。

One of the important tasks before writing an eight-part essay is to confirm which type the title belongs to. Learners of eight-part essays will be able to quickly determine the writing mode and complete the writing task if they master the knowledge of title classification. By reading the works, we can find that in Taiwan during the Qing Dynasty, the authors of Fu would apply their understanding of how to distinguish the topics of eight-part essays to the writing of Fu. If the title of a Fu is a clear metaphor, the author will write out the meaning of the metaphor and will not hide it. On the contrary, if it is a subtle metaphor, the author will express it in an implicit way. If we can have a better understanding of the eight-part essay, we will be able to conduct a more complete discussion of Taiwanese Fu in the Qing Dynasty.