奧德修斯自述滄海歷險中的乘風奇緣

Wind in the Engaging Apologoi of Odysseus

每每提及奧德修斯，他於大海的際遇遠近馳名，而在意象上緊密連接了這位古希臘英雄與船隻及櫓槳，使其成為了一位海上英豪。再者，由於盲人先知特瑞西阿斯在冥界囑咐奧德修斯必須在回到家鄉以薩卡後，身負船槳行至內陸深處，直至該槳被誤認為是揚榖用的鏟子，更使得他的形象合攏於大海波瀾。然而，較之於海，在奧德修斯為贏得費阿克斯人款待而自述的滄海歷險中，風所扮演的角色更加值得關注。首先當然是因為風必然成為他在海上遊蹤時至每個落腳處前的轉折訊號。即便是風未被提及，而是比如說，透過精湛的航行技術抵達波利非莫斯居住的島嶼，隱含的仍是一帆風順的概念。另外，風不僅指涉場景的轉換，在英雄的身上，更時常表示來自神的援助或懲戒；波賽頓召喚暴風摧毀他前往費阿克斯的筏子即是顯例。甚者，風也可能是存在於前景的元素，例如奧德修斯從風王埃俄洛斯手中獲贈一袋狂風，而使得風極具象徵性。因此，無論於背景或前景，風與英雄的命運緊密交織，本論文於此脈絡旨在爬梳奧德修斯滄海歷險中所經歷的風的類型，而發現，風在英雄的冒險事件中有其一貫的意義，且連結至他返鄉後的事件：即屠城英雄在面對神靈時應當確保其有不僭越的識別力。

Odysseus’well-known wanderings at sea have created controlling associations of the hero with oars and ships—items that do not belong to the land. Such adichotomy becomes especially reinforced by Tiresias’oracle imparted to him in the underworld, where the prophet instructs the hero, when he returns to Ithaca, to take an oar inland until it is misrecognized as awinnowing shovel. However, the role of wind in the apologoi told by Odysseus to engage the Phaeacians to win their hospitality cannot be downplayed. Firstly, wind serves essentially as the transition signal between the events in the apologoi. Even in the case of the hero’s meeting with Polyphemus, his smooth sailing to the island of Cyclopes still requires implicitly the work of favorable winds. Secondly, wind might also signal more than change of scenes since it can now and then betoken divine assistance or reprisal. Among others, how Poseidon vents his wrath at Odysseus through stormy winds exemplifies such afunction of wind. Thirdly, wind can become the events in the foreground. For instance, Odysseus receives acurious gift from Aeolus—a bag containing winds that turn out to be pernicious. Therefore, with winds interwoven with the hero’s fate both in the background and in the foreground, this paper would like to study the typology of wind in the apologoi of Odysseus. In the final analysis, one finds that wind thematically correlates the events in the apologoi and beyond, alerting the hero to make informed judgements in connection with deities.