對外關係法中的國家豁免問題研究

Research on State Immunity in Foreign Relations Law

國家豁免問題是對外關係法的重要方面。《對外關係法》第36 條對國家豁免在內的各種豁免問題做出了原則規定、提供了法律指引。《外國國家豁免法（草案）》對國家豁免問題做出了全面規定。該草案適應時代變化，體現了限制豁免論，旨在在尊重外國國家主權的同時，維護當事人的合法權益。《外國國家豁免法（草案）》所規定的外國國家豁免制度主要包括五個方面：一般原則、管轄豁免的例外、執行豁免的例外、特殊訴訟程序問題、外交部門的作用。儘管《對外關係法》和《外國國家豁免法（草案）》比較完整、全面地形成了我國的外國國家豁免制度，但《外國國家豁免法（草案）》未規定國際習慣在國家豁免中的地位和作用，而國家豁免問題的發展與國際習慣的關係密切，這是一個需要得到關注的問題。

State immunity is an important aspect of foreign relations law. Article 36 of the Foreign Relations Law of the People’s Republic of China stipulates various immunity issues, including state immunity, and provides legal guidance for the granting of immunities. The Foreign State Immunity Law of the People’s Republic of China (Draft) is a comprehensive regulation on the issue of state immunity. The Draft adapts to the changes of the times and embodies the theory of restrictive immunity, aiming at safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of the private parties while respecting the sovereignty of foreign countries. The Foreign State Immunity Law (Draft) mainly includes five aspects: general principles, exceptions to jurisdictional immunity, exceptions to executive immunity, special procedural issues, and the role of the diplomatic department. Although the Foreign Relations Law and the Foreign State Immunity Law (Draft) have formed China’s foreign state immunity system comprehensively, the latter has not stipulated the status and role of international customs in the issue of state immunity. As the development of state immunity is closely related to international customs, this might be an issue worth considering.