菲律賓「華人移民」的文化政治：排除與融合的社會文化過程

On the Cultural Politics of“Chinese Immigrants”in the Philippines: Focusing on the Socio-Cultural Process of Exclusion and Inclusion

本文旨在指認菲律賓華人移民的文化與認同政治，聚焦於華人作為國族認同論述之部分的再現與論述。透過排除與融合的社會文化過程，早年來至菲律賓的華人移民後代利用了反華情緒，作為定義他們自身成為菲律賓公民的方式。今日反華情緒已非針對1975年獲得菲律賓公民身份的華裔，而是1990年代及其後移民至菲律賓的新來者。透過中國與華人公司的再現與論述，這些新來者經歷了過去華裔所遇相似的排除與融合。菲律賓與其他東南亞國家、以及美國與中國的國族認同，應參照此排除與融合的社會文化過程來評估。透過此番重思，我們才能對中美間霸權競逐與菲律賓的回應，發展新的文化觀點。

This paper aims to identify the cultural and identity politics of Chinese immigrants in the Philippines, with a focus on the representations and discourses of the Chinese population that function as part of the national identity discourse. Through the socio-cultural processes of exclusion and inclusion, the descendants of Chinese immigrants who came to the Philippines in the early years have leveraged anti-Chinese sentiment as a means to define themselves as Philippine citizens. Today, the anti-Chinese sentiment is not targeted at the ethnic Chinese who acquired Filipino citizenship in 1975, but at the newcomers who immigrated to the Philippines in the 1990s and afterward. The latter, through the representations and discourses on China and Chinese companies, have experienced a process of exclusion and inclusion similar to that encountered by the ethnic Chinese in the past. The national identity of the Philippines and other Southeast Asian countries, as well as the U.S. and China, should be evaluated with reference to this socio-cultural process of exclusion and inclusion of immigrants. It is through this reconsideration that we will be able to gain a new cultural perspective on the hegemonic struggle between China and the U.S. and the responses of the Philippines.