線上博弈產業的中心：菲律賓馬尼拉的都市基礎設施與產業飛地

Online Gambling Heartland: The Online Gambling Industrial Enclave and Urban Infrastructure in Metro Manila, the Philippines

自前菲律賓總統Rodrigo Duterte在2016年將線上博弈產業合法化，其成為菲律賓重要的產業之一。但社會大眾難以區分線上博弈產業與詐騙產業，並對此工作者產生誤解。本文將發問：為什麼線上博弈產業能夠在菲律賓發展？並藉此理解該產業的發展因素，並以移民基礎設施及都市空間觀點回應馬尼拉如何成為東南亞線上博弈產業中心。透過次級資料與2018至2020年間的田野觀察，我指出制度性、商業性、科技性，以及社會性四個移民基礎設施，以及菲律賓都市空間扮演重要角色。最後，線上博弈產業空間特性不同於傳統實體賭場，而是融入都市空間並在特定區位形成產業飛地。

This article delves into the emergence of the online gambling industry in the Philippines, particularly in Metro Manila. Following the legalization of this industry by former president Rodrigo Duterte in 2016, it has become a popular destination for Chinese migrants seeking work opportunities in the country. The article analyzes the various factors that have contributed to the growth of the online gambling industry, particularly in urban spaces such as Metro Manila. Through the use of migration infrastructure, the article examines how the industry has shaped the city’s industrial enclave. The research includes secondary data from China, the Philippines, and Taiwan, and fieldwork conducted between 2018 and 2020 in the Philippines to gain a better understanding of the changing landscape. The study concludes that the online gambling industry is interconnected with technology, institutions, and actors, which have created an industrial enclave in Metro Manila. Therefore, the legalization of the online gambling industry in 2016 was not the sole factor that contributed to the industry's development; the infrastructure and migration infrastructure in Metro Manila also played a crucial role in its growth.