中共的反霸權論述：新時代與舊傳統

Anti-Hegemony Discourse of the Chinese Communist Party: The New Era and The Tradition

十八大之後，中國奮發有為的外交風格常被視為中國積極謀求霸權的表現，但習近平又屢次提到中國堅決反對霸權主義，並強調「中國夢不是霸權夢」。不同於大多文獻忽略這一類主張的作法，本文認為反霸權論述非常重要，因為它不僅是包含中共世界觀的意識形態論述，也是中共對外塑造正當性的話語體系。
本文透過梳理中共反霸權論述的發展歷史，並對習近平的2486篇講話進行文字探勘，以了解中共反霸權論述的意涵與意義。本文將比較江澤民、胡錦濤、習近平在十五大至二十大的報告文本，分析在奮發有為的外交新時代，反霸權論述將產生何種變化。
本文指出，中共語境中的霸權是強權政治的代名詞，反霸權論述是中共在外交領域具有實用主義色彩的意識形態論述，它由「反霸」和「不稱霸」兩部分內容構成，並且具有「變形蟲」特徵，會順應外交需要延伸其內涵。基於反霸權論述在時間軸上的分布，我們發現當中國與外界激烈對抗或中國需要建立國際形象時，反霸權論述就會增加，我們認為這意味著這套論述是服務於中共對外的對抗性需求與正當性需求。最後，在比較習近平與江澤民、胡錦濤的講話文本之後，本文發現習近平的講話中「不稱霸」的表述更加具體，整體的對抗性更強，並且明確了中國在「反霸」事業上領導者的角色。本文認為這是中國的外部環境與習近平個人因素共同作用的結果。

After Xi Jinping came to power, his assertive diplomatic style was seen as seeking hegemony. However, Xi Jinping reiterated that China resolutely opposed hegemony, and“the Chinese dream is not a dream of hegemony.”Unlike most literature that ignores such claims, this paper believes that the discourse on anti-hegemony is important because it represents not only an ideological discourse encompassing the Chinese Communist Party’s worldview but also a discourse system for the CCP to establish its legitimacy.
This research reviews the history of the CCP’s anti-hegemony discourse and analyzes 2,486 speeches by Xi Jinping using text mining to understand the meaning and implications of the CCP’s anti-hegemony discourse. This paper also compares the report texts of Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao, and Xi Jinping from the 15th to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and analyzes how the anti-hegemony discourse has evolved in the new era of majorcountry diplomacy.
This paper argues that within the context of the CCP, hegemony is synonymous with power politics, and the anti-hegemony discourse serves as a practical ideological discourse used by the CCP in the field of diplomacy. It consists of two parts:“anti-hegemony”and“non-hegemony”, and has the
characteristics of“amoeba”, which will expand its connotation according to diplomatic needs. Based on the distribution of anti-hegemony discourses on the time axis, we found that when China is in fierce confrontation with other countries or China needs to establish a good international image, anti-hegemony discourses will increase. We believe that anti-hegemony discourses meet the CCP’s external confrontation and legitimacy needs. Finally, after comparing the speech texts of Xi Jinping, Jiang Zemin, and Hu Jintao, the paper finds that the expression of“not seeking hegemony”in Xi Jinping’s speech is more specific, so the China’s leadership role in counter-hegemony becomes clearer. The paper suggests that this shift is influenced by China’s external environment and Xi Jinping’s personal factors.