美國FSIA侵權例外規則的司法適用與中國應對

The FSIA’s Non-Commercial Torts Exception: Judicial Applications and China’s Response Strategies

美國《外國主權豁免法》第1605節（a）條（5）款的“非商業性侵權例外”作為管轄豁免例外之一，近年來在美國法院得到了廣泛的司法適用。該例外的適用涉及對侵權主體、侵權行為地域聯繫以及侵權行為主權性質這三個要素的認定，被告根據後兩個要素提出抗辯易獲得優勢。對中國而言，侵權例外雖已在涉華國家豁免案件中多次出現，但總體未得到足夠的重視。考慮到侵權行為與主權行為往往關係密切，侵權例外一旦適用，將可能導致美國法院對我國的主權行為進行管轄。因此，為避免侵權例外未來在涉華案件中得到適用，我國應基於侵權例外的認定規則和適用場景優化當前策略，根據不同的案件特徵和被告主體制定直接抗辯或間接應對的法律預案，實現在美司法救濟；同時，還應加緊制定國家豁免國內立法，細化規定侵權行為國家豁免的有關問題，增設“主權行為”相關定義，為我國應對因侵權行為引起的國家豁免訴訟設定宏觀法律指引與制度保護。

In recent years, the“Non-Commercial Tort Exception”in Section 1605(a) (5) of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) has been extensively applied in the U.S. courts, as one of the exceptions to State Immunity under FSIA. In judicial practice, application of the Tort Exception involves the identification of three elements: the proper defendant, the situs of the torts and whether the infringement is a sovereign act. By raising defenses according to the latter two elements, foreign countries as defendants tend to obtain comparative advantages. As for China, although a few China-related cases involve the application of the Tort Exception, so far insufficient attention has been attached to it overall. Considering that the tortious act of a State and sovereign act are closely associated. The Tort Exception, once applied, may lead to the jurisdiction of U.S. court over China’s sovereign act. In order to deal with the state immunity litigation related to the Tort Exception and to achieve judicial relief in the U.S. court, it is suggested that the current response strategy shall be optimized based on the relevant rules and scenarios, and the preparation of legal schemes shall be advanced depending on diverse defendant subjects, such as appearing in court to claim state immunity or make indirect response. It is further suggested that the drafting of domestic legislation on state immunity should be expedited, the issues related to the tortious act of a State shall be refined, and the definition of“sovereign act”shall be provided, so as to set macro legal guidelines and institutional protection for China in deal with FSIA state immunity litigations arising from the tortious act.