跨國消費合同管轄權研究：歐盟經驗及我國方案

Research on Jurisdiction over International Consumer Contracts: EU Experience and China’s Programme

跨國消費合同管轄權的確定不僅攸關跨國消費訴訟的解決，而且直接影響跨國消費者權益的保護。我國跨國消費合同管轄尚未完全剝離于跨國一般合同管轄，其性質的特別化程度和對跨國消費者的保護力度遠滯後於《涉外民事關系法律適用法》第42條跨國消費合同法律選擇規則。雖然我國民事訴訟法對網絡買賣合同管轄和消費合同格式化協議管轄另有單獨規定，但其最初的立法目的旨在應對純國內糾紛，不僅買賣合同與消費合同的外延不完全等同，而且網絡買賣合同管轄的內容本質上仍屬合同履行地管轄。歐盟將跨國消費合同管轄從一般涉外合同管轄中分離出來，並另行規定管轄規則。儘管我國與歐盟跨國消費合同管轄存在差異，但潛在的共識在於，跨國消費合同管轄應體現對消費者權利的傾斜性保護，同時兼顧經營者對國際民事管轄權的可預見性之價值取向。我國有必要對跨國消費合同管轄的性質、範圍和連結因素予以修正。

The determination of jurisdiction over international consumer contracts is not only related to the settlement of cross-border consumption litigation, but also directly influences the protection of rights and interests of international consumers. The jurisdiction over international consumer contract in China has not been entirely separated from the jurisdiction of international general contracts, and the degree of specialization of its nature and the protection for international consumer are far behind rule on the choice of law for international consumer contract in article 42 of Law of the People’s Republic of China on Choice of Law for Foreign-related Civil Relationships. Although China’s domestic civil procedure law has separate provisions on the jurisdiction of online sales contracts and format consensual jurisdiction of consumer contracts, its initial legislative purpose is to deal with pure domestic disputes. Not only the denotation of sales contract s and consumer contracts is not exactly the same, but also the content of jurisdiction over online sales contracts still essentially belongs to the jurisdiction of the place where the contract is performed. The European Union separates the jurisdiction over international consumer contracts from the jurisdiction over general foreign- related contracts and stipulates the rules of jurisdiction separately. Although there are divergences in the jurisdiction over international consumer contracts between China and EU, the potential consensus is that jurisdiction over international consumer contracts should reflect the preferential protection of consumers’rights, while taking into account the value orientation of the predictability of managers’international civil jurisdiction. It is necessary for China to amend the nature, scope and connecting factors of jurisdiction over international consumer contracts.