無人船適用領海無害通過制度的困境及對策

Applying the System of Innocent Passage in Territorial Sea to Unmanned Surface Vehicles：Problems and Solutions

在人工智能時代，無人船的研發與應用對傳統國際法律制度造成一定衝擊，導致既有國際規則的適用困境。《聯合國海洋法公約》規定了領海無害通過制度，但是，無人船能否適用該制度、是否滿足“無害性”法律要求、沿海國司法管轄權如何落實等問題亟待澄清。對此，在人工智能技術不斷發展和進步的趨勢下，應當在法律層面應對上述困境，並通過機制創新，平衡技術發展與法律規制之間的關係。應當建立國家審查機制，創新無人船信息通報制度和指定無人船航道，重新審視船舶配員規則，實現船岸通信技術規則法律化，以保障沿海國的司法管轄權。

In the era of artificial intelligence, the research and application of unmanned surface vehicles have had a certain impact on the traditional international legal system, leading to some problems of the application of existing international rules. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea stipulates the system of innocent passage in territorial sea, but there is an urgent need to clarify whether this system can be applied to unmanned surface vehicles, whether unmanned surface vehicles meet the legal requirements of“innocent passage”, and how coastal states’jurisdiction is implemented. In this regard, under the trend of continuous development and progress of artificial intelligence technology, it is necessary to deal with the above problems at the legal level and balance the relationship between technological development and legal regulations through innovating mechanisms, such as establishing a national review mechanism, innovating the unmanned surface vehicles information notification system, designating unmanned surface vehicles channels, re-examining the ship manning rules and realizing the legalization of ship-to-shore communication technology rules to protect the jurisdiction of coastal states.