從教學者為主體到學習者為主體：普通高中校訂必修課程教師的難題

Shifting From a Teacher-Centered System to a Learner-Centered System: Dilemmas of Teaching Compulsory School-Developed Courses in Senior High Schools

「教師不易改變」是教育改革中伴隨的一種印象。本文以2019年課程改革之「校訂必修」課程為例，探究教師集體備課與授課遭逢了什麼困難以致於不易改變。以2020年一所普通高中校訂必修課程之26次共備會議與160小時觀課為田野資料，以「意識型態的兩難」為概念工具，採用言談分析法揭露教師們經營校訂必修課程所顯現的意識型態難題。研究發現教師從過往的「教學者為主體」授課到校訂必修的「學習者為主體」授課之轉變並非易事，教師們的發言在「社群慣有」與「專業思考」這兩個隱含對立的意識型態之間徘徊，兩難的意識型態至少有三組：「進度」與「進步」、「教導」與「引導」、「給分」與「評量」。第一組是面臨學生之間進行專題學習的「進度」不一，教師應該趕整體的進度、還是該注重學生個別的「進步」；第二組是面臨學生做專題的種種問題，教師該積極「教導」學生、還是該給予學生所需的「引導」；第三組是面臨評定期末成績，教師應在各方周延考量下「給分」、還是建基於專業規準「評量」。三組意識型態的兩難具有時間軸的次序性，能完整描述授課教師從課程啟動到收尾的動態性兩難遭逢歷程，本文亦針對這些難題提出具體建議，希冀對於各校校訂必修課程之設計、教學與評量有所助益。

It seems that teachers are reluctant to change their teaching practices when major educational reforms are introduced, hindering the efforts of education policymakers to bring about changes. This study analyzed the professional discussions of teachers during course-preparation meetings to understand how they responded to proposed reforms and to identify the challenges affecting the implementation of these reforms. Specifically, this study examined the discussions conducted across 26 course-preparation meetings for compulsory school-developed courses, which are a new type of course mandated by Taiwan's 2019 curriculum reform. Drawing from the concept of ideological dilemmas (i.e., lived ideology vs. intellectual ideology), this study conducted discourse analysis and identified three dilemmas (i.e., progress tracking vs. progress making, didactic teaching vs. facilitative teaching, and contingency-based grading vs. rubric-based evaluation). These dilemmas highlight the mental inertia experienced by teachers when they switch from a teacher-centered system to a learner-centered system. This paper provides suggestions to schoolteachers and administrators on how to design, instruct, and conduct assessments for compulsory school-developed courses while navigating such ideological dilemmas.