白恐時期的特殊份子與考管

“Scrutiny and Surveillance”on“The Special”during the White Terror

白色恐怖時期，官方透過各種手段，針對各種對象進行各種鎮壓與監控。其中最核心的部分是「政治犯」。他們出獄後，被列為新生份子，與自首份子、登記份子、特殊家屬這三類人士，統稱為「特殊份子」，由臺灣省保安司令部（臺灣警備總司令部，簡稱警總）、臺灣省警務處、調查局、國家安全局、國民黨、國防部總政治部等單位，以「絕對秘密」方式加以考管，定期呈報動態，而由警總總其責。特殊份子人數，在1973年已有2.4萬人；整個白恐期間的累積人數，推估最少在3萬以上。包括前總統李登輝在內，許多著名人物都曾遭考管。
特殊份子的考管，與保防密切配合，成為動員龐大、運作純熟的制度化作業。不僅黨政軍警特全面介入，國民黨更是從中央委員會第六組、知識青年黨部、臺灣省黨部到各縣市黨部都有參與，突顯「黨政不分」的運作特色。被考管者受到嚴格境管，不准參加政治活動，而且常受刁難。中央研究院臺灣史研究所和國家人權博物館籌備處出版的三冊《獄外之囚》，極大程度就是講特殊份子的故事。本文利用大量官方檔案與民間資料，對這個至今少有人知的監控制度，進行一番系統性的淺介。

During the White Terror in Taiwan, the Kuomintang (KMT) authorities used various means to suppress and monitor existent and potential dissidents, in particular the political prisoners. Upon release, they were classified as“the Regenerated / New Life”, and together with“the Surrendered”,“the Registered”and“the Related”, they were collectively referred to as“the Special”(特殊份子).“The Special”usually fell under long-term“Scrutiny and Surveillance”(考管), with strict monitoring measures conducted in an absolutely secret manner. Coordinated by the Taiwan Garrison Command and its predecessor the Taiwan Provincial Security Command, the various security authorities as well as KMT party agencies, involved in the“Scrutiny and Surveillance”included the Bureau of Investigation, National Security Bureau, Taiwan Provincial Police Bureau and General Political Department of the Ministry of National Defense.
The number of“the Special”in 1973 was 24,417 and the total throughout the White Terror era was estimated to exceed 30,000. Among those put under“Scrutiny and Surveillance”for years were the former President Lee Teng-hui (1988-2000 in office) and many famous figures.
The“Scrutiny and Surveillance”on“the Special”was closely coordinated with Bao Fang (meaning“Counter-intelligence and counter-espionage) which was actually a nationwide monitoring network. The network was hugely mobilized and well-operated involving central and local security agencies, as well as the relatives, friends and neighbors of“the Special”, who were also asked to surveil and report on them. Those under“Scrutiny and Surveillance”were under exit restrictions, were not allowed to participate in political activities, and faced difficulties at work and promotion. The three-volume A Jail Beyond the Prison Wall (published by the Institute of Taiwan History, Academia Sinica and the National Human Rights Museum Preparatory Office in 2014-2015) contained mainly the stories of“the Special”. Using official archives and materials from the general public, this article presents a brief introduction to the little-known political and social control systems of the White Terror era.