有望的藥料：日治時期臺灣古柯產業

A Promising Medicinal Material: Coca Industry in Taiwan under Japanese Colonial Rule

1920-1940年代臺灣曾與爪哇並峙，成為東亞地區最重要的古柯葉生產及出口中心之一，唯這段古柯產業的歷史至今已遭遺忘。本文指出，臺灣成為古柯重要產地到被人遺忘，與歐戰改變全球麻藥市場和國際麻藥管制體制的興起若合符節，前者促使日本尋找爪哇以外的古柯鹼原料來源，臺灣即被擇定為生產基地以求擺脫國際市場的牽制，並因具備後進者優勢，得以在較短時間內培育適地品種而能快速生產古柯葉。後者則一方面形成相當集中的獨占生產體系，只有星製藥和臺灣生藥兩家會社取得在臺栽種古柯之權，且生藥會社還能在臺南建立製造古柯鹼工場；另一方面管制體系也致成生產、流通層面到消費者流程隱蔽不顯的問題，本文則力圖由各種龐雜史料中拼貼出局部的面貌：一、此產業的榮與枯均伴隨國際管制體制，二、消費層面中可分為非法與合法兩層面。非法者乃受法令監督而查緝的走私者，但無法看到個別消費者的具體社會屬性和文化樣貌；合法層面的消費者集中在醫院中接受診療的病患，眼科患者為大宗，但婦科、耳鼻喉和內科均可看到使用案例，也出現使用古柯鹼致成的副作用，但無法斷定有無成癮。最後，本文特別點出臺灣能在短時間內發展成重要生產基地，除了拜國際市場變動之機外，臺灣百年來發展的茶業技術知識，因與古柯產業有相關的技術親近性，是臺灣能成為重要生產基地的關鍵在地因素。唯此一特性因戰後面對國民政府另一管制思維和政策而遭到剷除銷燬的命運，也因此逐漸從吾人記憶中淡忘。

Taiwan used to be one of the largest exporters of coca leaves in East Asia before 1945. This fluctuant history manifests the resonance with undulant global drugs market and the emergence of an international control system on narcotic drugs. To cast off the strap from the global market, Japan designated Taiwan in substitution for Java as source of coca leaves. With the second-mover advantage, the colonial agro-specialists select proper species and quickly produce sizable coca leaves within a decade. The international control system encouraged and legitimized the monopolized production system. Hoshi Pharmaceuticals Company and Taiwan Crude Drugs Company became the only two enterprises held the chartered right to cultivate coca trees and produce cocaine in Taiwan. On the other hand, this control system, from another aspect, conceals every process from production, distribution to consumption, which had been uncovered and presented in this article as the following main arguments and findings: 1) Vicissitude of the coca industry in Taiwan were associated with the emergence of an international drug control system. 2) Most of the illegal cocaine consumer was smuggler, but the socio-cultural traits of end consumer could not be identified. The majority of legal consumer was patient of ophthalmology, but users could be found among patients of gynecology, otolaryngology, and internal medicine as well. There were several side-effect records, but level of addiction could not be identified. 3)The tacit knowledge of the tea industry developed in Taiwan over the nineteenth century, which involved technological affinity with the coca industry, became the vital local factor for Taiwan to become the key coca producer in the Japanese Empire. However, this vital local factor was eradicated and gradually faded away from our memory due to another regulatory thinking and policy of the nationalist government in the post war period.