1970年代黨外本土意識與族群動員的形成：以臺語問題為中心（1972-1978）

Formation of Taiwanese Consciousness and Mobilization of Ethnic Groups in Democratic Movement of 1970s: Focus on Taiwanese Language Concerns (1972-1978)

本文討論1972-1978年間，在國民黨全面打壓臺語電視節目之際，黨外對臺語問題的政治態度及論述的演變，以探討此時期黨外如何由單純自由化的政治訴求，轉變為具有強烈臺灣本土意識，並帶有一定程度族群動員色彩的政治運動。
1972年，國民黨政府開始全面打擊臺語電視節目，並扼殺臺語流行文化的生存空間，企圖藉此徹底統一臺灣的語言。由於臺語為臺灣最大族群—福佬人的母語，該政策隨即引發臺灣社會不滿，黨外在省議會及選舉中，就已經出現爭取臺灣人語言權利的論述，惟此時的論述雖偶有回顧歷史，但大致上仍侷限於爭取老年人或農村居民觀賞電視的權利。
臺語問題進一步擴大，是國民黨政府在1975年在《廣播電視法》中制定「方言」落日條款，企圖以法律全面扼殺本土語言的公共空間，該問題使黨外開始將挑戰語言壓迫作為主要政治主張和選舉動員訴求，同時臺語受到壓迫，也成為省籍問題惡化的最主要因素。
隨著1977年11月，黨外在5項公職選舉勝利，以及中壢事件對國民黨統治權威的衝擊，黨外對臺語問題益發重視，不僅在省議會中公然挑戰國民黨政府的語言政策，訴求也從單純爭取臺語電視節目，擴大為爭取臺灣固有族群的母語使用權利，此時黨外對語言問題的論述，已經浮現明顯的臺灣本土意識，而族群動員的色彩也更加明顯。至1978年12月，反對語言和省籍歧視更成為黨外12項共同政見之一，至此臺語問題已經不只是單純電視節目問題，而是具有明顯的族群反抗意識的色彩，並成為黨外政治動員的共同訴求。

This article discusses the evolution of political attitudes and discourses of democratic movement in Taiwan on the Taiwanese language issue from 1972 to 1978 when the Kuomintang (KMT) government comprehensively suppressed Taiwanese-language TV programs. Moreover, it aims to investigate how the democratic movement in Taiwan evolved from a solely liberal political appeal to a political movement driven by a strong Taiwanese local consciousness and partly by ethnic mobilization throughout this period.
In 1972, the KMT government began to crack down on Taiwanese-language TV programs and strangled the living space of Taiwanese-language popular culture in an attempt to completely unify the vernacular language used in Taiwan. With Taiwanese being the mother tongue of the largest ethnic group in Taiwan, the Hoklo people, this policy immediately aroused dissatisfaction in Taiwanese society. In the provincial assembly and elections, pro-democracy activists were fighting for the language rights of the Taiwanese, with focus primarily on defending the right of the elderly or rural citizens to watch TV programs of their mother tongue.
The KMT government stipulated the“dialect”sunset provision in the Radio and Television Act in 1975 in an attempt to entirely eradicate native languages in the public space. This further expanded the issue of the Taiwanese language, leading pro-democracy activists to challenge language oppression and make it their main political appeal for election mobilization. At the same time, the oppression of the Taiwanese language had become the most significant cause in the deterioration of ethnic identification.
Owing to the victory of non-KMT candidates in the local elections in November 1977 and the impact of the Zhongli Incident on the ruling authority of the KMT, the prodemocracy activists gave increasing attention to the Taiwanese language issue. They not only openly challenged the KMT government’s language policy in the provincial assembly, but also expanded their appeal from fighting merely for Taiwanese-language TV shows to battling for the right to use the mother tongues of Taiwan’s intrinsic ethnic groups. During that period, in the discourse on the language issue in Taiwan, an obvious Taiwanese local consciousness emerged, and the role of ethnic mobilization became more visible. By December 1978, demand against language and ethnic identity discrimination had become one of the 12 most frequently cited political viewpoints of the democratic movement in Taiwan. Thereafter, the Taiwanese language issue was more than merely a TV program concern; it became a common appeal of political mobilization in the democratic movement of Taiwan.