在印藏人發展現況研究兼論印「中」應對策略

A Study on the Development Status of Tibetans in India and a Discussion on China and India’s Coping Strategies

1959年追隨達賴喇嘛出亡印度藏人，在印生活已逾六十年，惟鑒於印度並非《聯合國難民公約》簽署國，亦無關於難民政策國家專項，所憑恃者僅《公民身分法》，加以印度咸認在印藏人係對大陸進行戰略競逐的重要政治資產，唯有維持其藏人身分始具運用價值，導致在印藏人迄今依舊僅能持有登記證，而成為印度社會詭異的存在。儘管歷經印度近年持續優化對其政策待遇，致使在印藏人經濟條件逐漸改善，惟此舉復遭致印度底層民眾觀感其「特殊利益者」，從而衍生若干社會摩擦，至於高階印人則對之倍予歧視，凡此皆增生在印藏人尷尬窘迫。尤其精神領袖十四世達賴喇嘛年事已高，其靈童轉世議題複雜周折，更平添在印藏人對未來的不確定性，而印「中」雙方亦已圍繞此問題暗中較勁，益發推促在印藏人茫然困惑。另值關注者為年輕世代對西藏歸屬認同態度亦逐漸發生質變，反而更加傾向成為「印度人」，此種變化雖屬時序推移囧難迴避的自然現象，惟若聽之任之，則在印藏人未來可能難逃持續邊緣化危機。

The Tibetans in India who followed the Dalai Lama into exile in 1959 have now lived in India for more than 60 years. However, as India is not a signatory to the United Nations’ Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, and nor does India have specific national policies related to refugees, these Tibetans can only rely on India’s Citizenship Act for their status in the country. Additionally, India understands that these exiled Tibetans are important political assets in their strategic competition with China, which means they must maintain their Tibetan identities to be politically useful. As a result, these Tibetans in India can only hold registration certificates instead of citizenship, and thus have a peculiar existence in Indian society. The treatment of Tibetans in India in recent years has been improved due to India's policy changes, leading to a gradual rise in their economic conditions. However, this has caused Indians in the lower echelons of their society to perceive these Tibetans as having special privileges, leading to friction in society. Indians in higher social classes, on the other hand, discriminate against the Tibetans. These issues have led to Tibetans having an awkward and uncomfortable place in India. Moreover, the Tibetans’ spiritual leader, the 14th Dalai Lama, is of an advanced age, and the issue of his reincarnation is complex, which has led to greater uncertainty toward the future for these Tibetans in India. The covert competition between India and China on this issue has caused further confusion and uncertainty for Tibetans in India. Another issue of note is that the younger generations’ attitudes regarding their sense of belonging and identity toward Tibet have gradually been changing; they are more inclined to become Indians. This is a natural and unavoidable phenomenon as time goes on, but if left unchecked, Tibetans in India will find it difficult to avoid further marginalization in the future.