論馬一浮儒學思想之形成(1903-1939)

On the Formation of Ma Yifu’s Confucian Thought (1903-1939)

基於報章文字、書信和未刊作品，此文分成三個部分，對現代儒者馬一浮（1883-1967）學思的形成做了思想史重構。在20 世紀初的十餘年中，馬氏熱心批評時政、討論良政之理，但強烈的道德意識又使得他決意遠離惡濁的現實政治。隨後的二十年中，馬氏致力研究了作為出世法的佛教，同時保留了自己的入世關懷，將大乘思想融入了所宗奉的性理之學當中。在此背景之下，馬氏於1938-39 年間所成之講座文稿中系統展示了以道德自修兼濟天下的學說，反映了他儒學思想的成熟形態。一方面，此文揭示了馬氏學思形成的歷史過程；另一方面，此文說明了看似遠離現實政治的心性儒學，也扎根在學人現實關懷的土壤當中。

Through the investigation of newspaper articles, private correspondence and unpublished works, this paper examines the formation of modern New Confucianist Ma Yifu’s (1883-1967) thought based on a historical approach. This research is conducted in three parts. First, while Ma’s writings in the early 20th century accentuate political critique and the discourses of political principle, this paper points out that Ma’s strong moral awareness ultimately led him away from politics’ intrinsic corruption. Second, this paper observes how Ma, between 1920 and 1930, dedicated himself to the supramundane nature of Sinitic Buddhism yet maintained the worldly engagement of his Neo-Confucian creeds. Third, this paper discerns a mature form of Ma’s Confucian thought in Ma’s lectures from 1938 to 1939, wherein he revealed the moral philosophy of self-cultivation in tandem with world-salvation. On the one hand, this research reveals the transformative thought process of Ma, a pioneering thinker of modern New Confucianism in China. On the other hand, this research demonstrates that a seemingly “spiritual” Confucian theory can also be concomitantly rooted in practical, socio-political concerns.