慈善公益訴訟制度的證立與構成

Establishment and Composition of Charity Public Interest Litigation System

《慈善法》確立了慈善組織治理的“權力主導”規範模式，同時，受傳統大陸法系財團法人理論和制度的影響，我國慈善組織制度虛化了捐贈人與慈善組織之間的私法關係，從而導致“權力失靈”與“權利孱弱”的雙重治理困境。基於公益訴訟制度在慈善領域的適應性，慈善公益訴訟應當成為我國慈善組織治理的補充性機制。立足於司法權與行政權的分工，慈善公益訴訟可定位為慈善組織治理的“動態衡平”機制，以避免司法權對行政權的僭越。在慈善公益訴訟的制度構成上，應當將檢察機關確立為適格原告，將停止侵害、賠禮道歉、義務履行作為法院可予支持的訴訟請求，並將檢察建議作為前置程序。

The Charity Law establishes a ''power-led'' normative model of the governance of charitable organizations. At the same time, influenced by the traditional theory and system of consortium in civil law system, the charitable organization system blurs the relationship between donors and charitable organizations in private law, which leads to the dual governance dilemma of ''power failure'' and ''undeveloped rights''. Due to the adaptability of the public interest litigation system in the field of charity, charitable public interest litigation can become a supplementary mechanism for the governance of charitable organizations in China. Based on the division of judicial power and administrative power, charitable public interest litigation should be positioned as a ''dynamic equilibrium'' mechanism for the governance of charitable organizations, which aims to prevent judicial power from overriding administrative power. Regarding the composition of the system of charitable public interest litigation, the procuratorate should be designed to be the qualified plaintiff, procuratorial recommendations should be taken as pre-procedures, and cessation of infringement, apology, and fulfillment of obligations should be supported by the court as litigation claims.