論行政訴訟原告資格的“梯度性”結構

On ''Gradient'' Structure of Administrative Litigation Plaintiff Qualification

在相對人即直接利害關係人原告資格已無爭議的背景下，行政訴訟的原告資格實質上指涉的是行政第三人的原告資格。從體系解釋出發，結合登記立案和訴訟第三人的類型化，2014年修正的行政訴訟法放鬆原告資格管制的立法意圖明顯，而保護規範理論除了法解釋上的技術優勢和法教義學上的理論引導優勢外，目前在我國訴權保障上作用有限。故此，從“法律上利害關係”到“利害關係”的立法變遷，應解讀為我國行政訴訟原告資格的再次擴展且業已形成行政訴訟原告資格判斷的“梯度性”結構：首先依保護規範理論進行“法律上”利害關係分析，然後進行“事實上”或“約定上”利害關係的司法判斷，最後在行政第三人原告資格無法證成時，如若符合法定條件，還應及時啓動行政公益訴訟程序，實現行政主觀訴訟與客觀訴訟的制度銜接。在此梯度性結構中，保護規範理論是我國原告資格判斷體系的一環。

In the context that the plaintiff qualifications of the direct interested party are no longer disputed, the plaintiff qualifications of administrative litigation essentially refer to the plaintiff qualifications of the administrative third party. Proceeding from the system interpretation, combined with the case registration system and the typology of the third party in the litigation, the legislative intention of relaxing the plaintiff qualification control was very obvious in the amendment of China's administrative procedural law in 2014. In addition to the technical advantages of legal interpretation and the theoretical guidance advantages of dogmatics of law, the theory of protection norms plays a limited role in the protection of litigation right. The legislative change from ''legal interest relationship'' to ''interest relationship'' should be interpreted as the expansion of plaintiff qualification in administrative litigation in China. At the same time, the ''gradient'' structure of plaintiff qualification judgment in administrative litigation has been formed. Firstly, we should analyze the ''legal'' interests according to the theory of protection norms. And secondly, we should make a judicial judgment on the ''de facto'' or ''agreed'' interests. Finally, when the plaintiff qualification of the administrative third party cannot be proved, and the legal conditions are met, the administrative public interest litigation procedure should be started in time to realize the system connection between administrative subjective litigation and objective litigation. In the gradient structure, the theory of protection norms is a part of the qualification judgment system of plaintiffs in China.