“貸款基準利率”與“貸款市場報價利率”的司法適用偏差及其糾正

Judicial Application Deviationand Correction of ''Loan Base Interest Rate'' and ''Loan Market Quotation Interest Rate''

司法實踐中普遍存在自2019年8月20日起用貸款市場報價利率取代貸款基準利率的司法適用偏差，具體表現為法院不當釋明並要求當事人變更利率、擅自變更約定或法定利率等情形。這不僅導致法律適用錯誤、損害當事人信賴利益，還進一步造成同案不同判現象頻繁出現、損及司法統一與公正。究其原因，主要在於貸款基準利率已經取消的認識偏差及相關司法解釋的溯及效力混亂不清。基於利率市場化改革的漸進性及立法修改的滯後性，貸款基準利率與貸款市場報價利率將在一段時期內繼續並存。實踐中應糾正自2019年8月20日起一律適用貸款市場報價利率的不當做法，根據具體情形參照適用《民法典時間效力規定》確定利率基準。此外，還應修改金錢債務遲延履行利息既有立法、建立金錢債務遲延履行利息一般制度、明確相關司法解釋的溯及力基準時，從而實現利率標準的規範統一。

In judicial practices, there have been common differences in the judicial application of replacing the benchmark interest rate with the loan prime rate (LPR) on the loan market, which was initiated on August 20, 2019. This has resulted in a large number of cases where the court improperly interprets why the party changed the interest rate, or changed the agreement or the legal interest rate without authorization. This kind of situation not only leads to wrongful application of the law and damages the trust and interests of the parties, but also causes inconsistent judgments frequently and undermines judicial unity and justice. The main reason lies in the mistaken understanding that the interest rate in the loan market has been cancelled and in the confusion of the retrospective effect of the relevant judicial interpretation. Based on the gradual nature of the reform of interest rate marketization and the lag of legislative amendments, the benchmark interest rates and the loan prime rate will continue to coexist for a period of time. In practice, the improper practice of applying the loan prime rate without exception from August 20, 2019 should be corrected, and the benchmark interest rate should be determined pursuant to Civil Code Time Effectiveness Regulations according to specific circumstances. In addition, it is necessary to revise the existing legislation, establish the general system of interest on delayed performance of monetary debt, and clarify the retroactivity benchmark of relevant judicial interpretation, so as to realize the standardization and unification of interest rates.