歐盟的規則，全球的標準？——資料跨境流動監管的「逐頂競爭」

歐盟的資料政策，對內始終服務於以公平貿易與基本權利為代表的歐盟共同價值觀，對外則具有明確的法律輸出動機，從附帶性輸出發展為戰略性輸出，意在成為全球數據規則和標準的制定者。歐盟數據跨境流動監管表現為兩類法律輸出途徑，一是數據規則的顯性輸出，以充分性認定和標準合同條款為典型，二是數據標準的隱性輸出，以歐洲法院司法審查為代表。歐盟數據監管模式的全球輸出是數據監管全球趨同的範例，對此，傳統法律移植、私人法律移植、規範性力量和布魯塞爾效應可以提供多元理論解釋。歐盟模式的全球化表明，數據規則和標準越嚴格，法律趨同越容易實現，現階段資料跨境流動的全球監管也確實呈現「逐頂競爭」趨勢。但在全球價值鏈下，特定數據監管模式的全球擴張暗含價值提取邏輯，欠發達國家恐面臨「數據殖民」風險，強監管的局限性和破壞性尚未被充分識別。市場才是全球資料監管競爭的底層邏輯，我國應對數據市場松化監管，堅持利伯維爾場和合同自由原則，為數字產品和服務的典型合同設置任意性規範，為數字產品和服務提供替代市場。

The EU’s data policy has always served the ELTs common values of fair trade and fundamental rights internally, and has a clear legal export motive externally, evolving from incidental export to strategic export» with the intention of becoming a global data rule and standard setter. The EU's regulation of cross-border data flows is characterized by two types of legal export: the explicit export of data rules, typified by adequacy decisions and standard contractual clauses, and the implicit export of data standards, represented by judicial review by the CJEU. The global export of the EU data regulation mod- el is an example of global convergence in data regulation» for which traditional legal transplants» private legal transplant, normative power and the Brussels effect can provide multiple theoretical explanations. The globalization of the EU model shows that the stricter the data rules and standards, the easier it is to achieve legal convergence. It is also true that the current global regulation of cross-border data flows does show a trend of ''race to the top''. However» in the context of global value chains» the global expansion of specific data regulation model implies a logic of value extraction, with less developed countries at risk of ''data colonization^, and the limitations and disruptive effects of strong regulation not yet fully identified. The market is the underlying logic of global data regulatory competition. China should loosen regulation of the data market» adhere to the principles of free markets and freedom of contract» set default rules for typical contracts for digital products and services, and provide alternative markets for digital products and services.