數據概念的解構與資料法律制度的構建——兼論資料法學的學科內涵與體系

正確認識理解數據概念及其特徵是構建數據法律制度的前提。信息載體及傳輸方式的變化是社會進步的重要標誌。在數字化時代，隨著數字技術的蓬勃發展和廣泛運用，作為信息載體的數據，演變為前所未有的新興生產要素。數據既是信息載體又是生產要素，且具有非競爭性、可複製性、非排他性以及與數字技術不可分離等特性。數據權利配置、數據行為規則的構建，難以套用傳統財產的權利配置模式。資料種類、控制狀態以及處理行為的多樣性和複雜性，決定了數據權利安排的特殊性和複雜性。構建數據法律制度，需要加快全國性制度建設，統籌發展與安全，區分數據內容相關利益和數據行為相關利益，承認並保護不同數據利益相關者的正當利益，規範和引導數據處理行為，在法治軌道上推進數字中國的高質量建設。

A correct understanding of the concept and characteristics of data is a prerequisite for building a legal system governing data. The change of information carrier and transmission mode is an important symbol of social progress. In the digital era, with the vigorous development and extensive application of digital technology* data, as the information carrier, has evolved into an unprecedented emerging factor of production. Data not only has the dual attributes of being both an information carrier and a factor of production, but also has the characteristics of non-competitiveness replicability, non-exclusiveness and inseparable from digital technology. The traditional property rights allocation mode is not adapted to the data rights allocation and data processing behavior rules. The diversity and complexity of data types, control states and processing behaviors determine the particularity and complexity of data rights arrangement. To build a legal system governing data, we need to speed up the national institutional construction, balance between development and security, distinguish the interests related to data content and data behavior, recognize and protect the legitimate interests of different data stakeholders, regulate and guide data processing behavior, and promote the high-quality construction of digital China under the rule of law.