歐洲聯盟能源安全政策

EU Energy Security Policy: - What and why

本文將首先從歷史角度探討自1950年代歐洲煤鋼共同體（European Coal and Steel Community）起至2015年能源聯盟（Energy Union）創立的歐盟能源與能源安全政策，然後聚焦於複雜的歐洲能源安全與歐盟當前的能源安全政策。雖然歐盟在構建內部的共同能源安全政策有所建樹（主要表現在落實再生能源目標的達成），但是在對外能源安全政策仍然非常脆弱，尤其是對俄羅斯的能源倚賴。此外，歐盟傳統上傾向著重於環境政策以致於經常犧牲了能源安全的關切。第三部份則是從歐洲整合與國際關係的理論回答何以歐盟對外能源安全政策仍然脆弱的理由。本文的主要論點是認為EU內部的安全政策正逐漸成形，即成員國已成功地發展出以風力、太陽能與水力為主的再生能源的解決方案，且各國已將決策制訂的大權賦予布魯塞爾總部，並已設定於2020年將所需能源至少20%要來自的再生能源，而到2030年提升到27%。為了要強化歐盟的能源安全，成員國就必須持續加強內部的能源安全政策如採行能源-效率相關立法，而更最要的是各國應放下狹隘的國家利益，轉移更多的權力給歐洲委員會（European Commission）以提升對外能源安全。歐洲委員會與成員國要有智慧的話最好中止偏好環境政策優先而犧牲能源安全的作法。

The relationship between the European Union (EU) and Russia has deteriorated during the last decade following, what many European members states perceive as, Russian aggression on the doorstep of the European Union. In most recent memory, the Russian annexation of the internationally recognized territory of Crimea in March 2014 marks an incident that took most European capitals by surprise. But much earlier than that, in 2006 and 2009, the relationship between the two power blocs began to worsen following decisions by Moscow to cut natural gas exports to Ukraine. At the time, approximately 80 percent of Russian gas to the EU passed through Ukraine, stirring a debate in the EU and its member states on energy dependence and energy security.