網路語言交換在中高級漢語課的實踐與反思

Heritage and CFL Learners’ Needs and Experiences in Virtual Exchange at Intermediate to Advanced Levels

本文旨在分析、報告將網路語言交換活動融入中高級漢語課程設計對於華裔與非華裔學習者在語言及文化學習的功效與反思。文章首先梳理文獻中關於網路語言交換的理念、常見的任務模式，以及實行原因。研究員接著花了大量篇幅展示如何將這些理念與模式，遵循二語教學理論設計原則，融入到中高級漢語語言交換任務中，並分析、對比了華裔與非華裔學習者的學習需要與體驗，最後討論網路語言交換活動為學生帶來的機會與挑戰。本文研究結果顯示網路語言交換活動為華裔與非華裔學習者提供許多培養自主學習、跨文化溝通能力、文化知識、語言溝通能力及學習策略的機會。這兩組學生在跨文化溝通能力與文化知識方面都取得了進步，特別是在文化產品上，但非華裔學習者在文化觀點方面，像是父母教養方式、傳統文化道德與特點上獲得了更多的理解。網路語言交換活動對這兩組學生在語言溝通能力的幫助有所不同。透過網路語言交換活動，非華裔學習者獲得大量機會練習並提高他們的理解與口語能力，而華裔學習者則是藉著討論抽象與具有深度的話題，有效率地使用高級詞彙、流行用語和俚語，產出高質量的對話。最後，這兩組學生在網路語言交換活動的過程中，在心理、溝通與技術方面都曾遭遇困難與挑戰。

This paper reports how virtual exchange (VE, henceforth) was organically integrated into the curriculum of a pre-advanced Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL) course, and how it had an impact on the language and cultural learning experiences of the heritage learners (HL) and second language learners (SLL) at this proficiency level. The study first presented the background of this project in the context of existing VE models and research literature to rationalize the current VE project. It is followed by a detailed description of the VE project and data collection. In the final report of project results, the affordances and challenges of virtual exchanges in the CFL settings were explored for future pedagogical implications. The results indicated that both learner HL and SLL reported that VE afforded them with massive opportunities and learner autonomy to develop intercultural competence, communication skills and learning strategies. Both groups developed intercultural communicative competence (ICC) and cultural knowledge, especially in cultural products, but SLL group gained more knowledge in cultural perspectives, such as parenting style, ethics and characteristics valued in the Chinese society and the reasons behind it. Their gains in language ability were demonstrated in different areas. Specifically, VE fostered SLL participants’ quantity of comprehension (how much they comprehended) and speaking (level of fluency and clarity) for meaning negotiation, while it enabled HL participants to enhance the quality of their output in abstract discussion of sophisticated topics with effective use of advanced vocabulary, popular expressions, slangs and idioms. Both HL and SLL encountered some psychological, communicational, and technical challenges throughout the VE project with varying degrees.