從臺灣到滿洲：以關東都督府警政建設為中心的日本帝國統治學知移轉分析（1905-1918）

From Taiwan to Manchuria: Analysis on Transfer of Ruling Knowledge in Japanese Empire Centered on Police Administration of Kanto Governor’s Office (1905-1918)

晚清以來清帝國的臺灣與滿洲之歷史，因日本南進與北進政策的並進與關聯而被潛在聯繫起來。本文主要以滿洲的關東都督府警政建設為焦點，分析日俄戰後以兒玉源太郎與後藤新平為中心的殖民官僚如何將臺灣的統治學知移植到關東州與南滿洲地區。首先，討論日俄戰後1905-1907年間，臺灣總督兼滿洲軍總參謀長兒玉源太郎，如何先後將石塚英藏與後藤新平等臺灣總督府官員調任到南滿洲，從而將臺灣警政體系初步移植到南滿洲；同時也分析日本帝國在南滿洲的領事館與其所屬警察署的初步建置。其次，討論在後藤新平的影響下，關東都督府民政長官白仁武與警務課長佐藤友熊等人如何將臺灣保甲制度與警政相關法令移植到關東州，確立了關東州以警察為中心的民政架構，並解決了關東州與周邊的馬賊等治安維繫問題。最後，後藤新平等人為解決日本在南滿洲警政由關東都督府與外務省領事館雙頭並立問題，如何推動關東都督府主導的南滿洲警政統一案，從而將日本警察的治理與監控範圍擴展到整個南滿洲，並有效確立了日本在南滿洲的帝國勢力擴張與殖民近代化的制度基礎。藉由以上分析，本文說明日本帝國南進與北進政策之間的緊密關聯，以及臺灣與滿洲之間統治樣式遷移與統治人才周流的樣態。

Since the late Qing Dynasty, the history of Taiwan and Manchuria in the Qing Empire had been bonded together under Japan’s southward and northward expansion policies. This paper focuses mainly on the establishment of the police system of the Kanto Governor’s Office in Manchuria, and analyzes how the colonial bureaucrats led by Kodama Gentarōand GotōShinpei transplanted Taiwan’s ruling knowledge to the Kanto Province and South Manchuria after the Russo-Japanese War. First, it discusses how the Governor- General of Taiwan and also Chief of General Staff of the Manchurian Army, Kodama Gentarō, successively transferred officials from the Government-General of Taiwan, such as Ishizuka Eizōand GotōShinpei to South Manchuria between 1905 and 1907, thus initiating the transplantation of the Taiwan police system to Manchuria. The paper also analyzes the initial establishment of the Imperial Japanese consulates in South Manchuria and its police stations. It then discusses how, under the influence of GotōShinpei, the Chief of Civil Affairs of the Kanto Governor’s Office, Shirani Takeshi, the Chief of Police Affairs, SatōTomokuma, and others, transplanted Taiwan’s Baojia system and police-affairs- related laws to Kanto, and established a police-centered civil administration system in Kanto, thus maintaining public order and cracking down on horse bandits in and surrounding Kanto. Finally, this paper elaborates on how GotōShinpei promoted the unification of the police administration led by the Kanto Governor’s Office in South Manchuria. On the one hand, this solved the problem of the Kanto Governor’s Office and the consulates of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in South Manchuria having their own police administration units; on the other hand, this expanded the scope of Japanese modern police governance and monitoring toward the whole South Manchuria, thus establishing effectively the institutional basis for Japan’s imperial expansion and colonial modernization in South Manchuria. The above analysis illustrates the close relationship of the Japanese Empire’s southward and northward expansion policies with the transfer of ruling styles and the circulation of ruling talents from Taiwan to Manchuria.