從近代動物品種觀探討臺灣本土犬隻的被認識與命名

Recognition and Naming of Native Dogs in Taiwan from the Perspective of Modern Animal Breeds

2015年「世界畜犬聯盟」（Federation Cynologique Internationale, FCI）通過認證「臺灣犬」（Taiwan Dog）為該聯盟第348種純種犬（purebred dogs, pedigree dogs），明文訂定其標準。臺灣犬命名的故事其背景是這一百多年來國際間純種犬制度化的歷史，也與日治至戰後以來，官方與民間對臺灣地方犬隻的調查、記錄甚至血統改變有關，並在臺灣的政治社會經濟發展等外在情勢演變下完成命名。
動物純種血統觀、現代犬的創造，受西方近代國家與社會影響很深。日本自明治維新後大量引入洋犬，日治時期臺灣也於1910年代開始受純種犬觀念影響，使用洋犬為搜索犬，本土犬也被管理、記錄、評價。1930年代開啟臺灣本土犬隻初步調查，但因漸進入戰爭時期，重視洋犬為主的軍犬。及至1980年代，因日本研究者來臺調查臺灣本土犬隻以尋求「日本犬」淵源，才更全面地看到臺灣本土犬隻，並在臺灣本土化的時代背景以及商業逐利氣氛下，完成了「臺灣犬」的國際命名申請。
在日治時期雖已有畜犬專家引入相關品種觀，但都是較零星的看法，且主要置於軍事、保育脈絡，並且都由日人發聲，缺乏在地觀點。而戰後1960年代雖同因日本人在臺作犬隻調查而開始關注臺灣本土犬隻，但漸由臺灣當地人士參與，且與政治、社會、經濟背景息息相關，其歷程也反映了臺灣歷史不同階段的發展。
從國族角度來回顧臺灣本土犬隻被認識的歷史，會更進一步發現，在不同時期，相異國族基於各自標準，對臺灣本土犬隻評價不一，但也一致地反應了其心目中的族群中心觀。

In 2015, the“Federation Cynologique Internationale (FCI)”certified“Taiwan Dog”as the 348th purebred/pedigree dogs, and clearly stipulated its standards. The background of this naming story chronicles the institutionalization of purebred dogs in the world for the past century. It also recounts both official and private investigations, records and changes related to native dogs in Taiwan from the Japanese colonial era to the postwar period. The naming process was completed under transforming political, social and economic developments in Taiwan.
The concepts of purebred blood animals and modern dogs have been deeply influenced by modern Western countries and societies. Japan introduced a large number of foreign dogs after the Meiji Restoration. Influenced by the concept of purebred dogs, Japanese colonial Taiwan began using foreign dogs mostly as search dogs in the 1910s, leading to native dogs also being managed, recorded, and evaluated. A preliminary investigation of Taiwan’s native dogs was launched in the 1930s, but became stagnated during the war with the emphasis shifted to foreign dogs, mainly military dogs. Not until the 1980s did Japanese and Taiwanese researchers reinvestigate Taiwan’s native dogs in a more comprehensive way. Promoted by Taiwan’s localization and the atmosphere of commercial profit-seeking, the international naming application of“Taiwan Dog”was completed.
The breed concept was introduced by dog experts during the Japanese colonial period. Their views, voiced mainly by the Japanese, were sporadic and focused primarily on dogs in warfare and breed conservation. Taiwanese experts participated in the investigation from the 1960s. The naming history of Taiwan Dog also reflected different stages of development in Taiwan’s history.
Moreover, from the perspective of the nations involved, Taiwan’s native dogs was recognized based on the standards of their respective race, and their evaluations of Taiwan’s native dogs reflected their ethnocentric perspectives.