礦業與聚落──以蒙古公司開採庫倫金礦為例(1900-1920)

Mining and Settlement: The Mongolor Company and the Urga Gold Mine (1900-1920)

十九世紀末葉，清朝接連遭遇軍事與外交挫敗，令各省區官員施行新政，力挽頹勢。如礦業一項，邊疆地區：東北、新疆及蒙古皆有中外合辦礦業。光緒二十六年(1900) 清朝准予俄國人柯樂德 (V. Iu. Grott, 1863-?) 經營蒙古公司開採庫倫金礦。蒙古公司是俄國在外蒙古（喀爾喀）唯一的大型工業企業。直至1920 年出售之前，它為清朝、俄國及蒙古創造不少財富。本文以蒙古公司營運情況為例，說明色楞格河流域──鄂爾坤河、哈拉河及伊羅河中、上游地區的開發、人口及產業變化。

At the end of the 19th century, the Qing Dynasty suffered successive military and diplomatic setbacks, which forced provincial officials to implement new policies. In the borderlands of Northeast China, Xinjiang, and Mongolia, Sino-foreign joint mining operations were set up. The Mongolor Company, operated by the Russian V. Iu. Grott (1863-?), obtained permission from the Qing court to mine the Urga gold mine in 1900. The Mongolor Company was Russia’s first large-scale industrial enterprise in Khalkha. Until it was sold in 1920, it created a lot of wealth for the Qing Dynasty, Mongolia, and Russia. This article studies the operation of the Mongolor Company, focusing on the development, population, and industrial changes that took place in the Selenga River Basin – the middle and upper reaches of the Orkhon River, the Khalkh River, and the Ider River.