「曠然無身世之累」？──徐世昌丁巳和陶詩芻議

Unburdened by status? On Hsu Shi-chang's Poetic Responses to Tao Yuanming in 1917

北洋元首徐世昌（1855-1939）以「文治總統」著稱，畢生創作詩歌六千餘篇。徐氏繼承同光詩風，清麗老拙，入民國後之詩作多以抒寫性情、寄意山水為主題，鮮有正面涉及時局，亦頗難考核本事，故柯劭忞稱其詩「曠然無身世之累」。相形之下，其丁巳和陶詩三十一篇可謂異數。這組詩大約作於1917年（丁巳）6月至8月間，時袁世凱去世經年，府院之爭、張勳復辟等事件接踵而至。如此背景，不僅令作者在詩中流露出對世事無常的感嘆，也同時表達了道家隱逸與儒家進取的思想，作為對治之方。可以說，這組詩作不僅豐富了歷來和陶詩的內涵，也集中表現了徐世昌晚年詩歌的幾大主題，頗具代表性。故此，本文先以陶潛〈飲酒詩〉為中心，扼要梳理其內容及追和譜系，探討徐世昌於陶潛思想之契合與憑藉；進而從心態、主題、體裁、風格等方面析論徐氏丁巳和陶詩之書寫策略，以見其詩歌之概貌。

Xu Shichang (1855-1939), leader of the Beiyang Government (1912-1922) known as 'the president of civic rule', composed an astounding collection of over 6,000 poems. Xu wrote in the Tong-Guang style of poetry, graceful and learned, and in the Republican period, his poems tend to be about self-expression or the natural landscape, but rarely pertaining to current affairs; it is no wonder Ke Shaomin described Xu's poems as 'unburdened by status'. Within this context, Xu's thirty-one poetic responses to the scholar-recluse Tao Yuanming are exceptional. They were written in the year after the death of Yuan Shikai (1859-1916), former president and Xu's sworn brother, who notoriously tried but failed to restore the monarchy. The year of dingsi (1917) also saw the vicious power struggle between President Li Yuanhong and Premier Duan Qirui, the short-lived Zhang Xun Restoration, and severe flooding in Xu's ancestral town of Tianjin. The tumultuous circumstances not only compelled Xu to fill his poems with anguish, but also Daoist inclinations toward reclusion and Confucian thoughts concerned with righting the wrongs. Xu's set of 'responsorial poems' enriches this sub-genre of poetry and can be regarded as a recapitulation of the key themes in his late works. This article begins by analyzing Tao Yuanming's 'drinking wine' poems, and through identifying the intersections between Xu and Tao's poetry, its seeks to examine Xu's method of writing responsorial poems, with respect to his mentality, as well as choice of themes, genre, and style.