詩學傳統與復仇敘事：讀王夫之《龍舟會》雜劇

Poetics, Historiography and Moral Cultivation: On Wang Fuzhi’s Dragonboat Gathering

明末清初大儒王夫之的《龍舟會》雜劇由唐傳奇及明代話本改編而成，講述商人之女謝小娥為父親及丈夫報仇的故事。學者大多同意《龍舟會》是一個關於明末清初歷史與政治情境的寓言。過去對於《龍舟會》的研究，著重於王夫之如何藉由謝小娥為父、夫殺賊復仇的故事，托寓他所經歷的亡國之痛以及對於復國的期待。本文則由王夫之的哲學思想、史論以及詩論主張入手，試圖提出不同於過去的讀法。本文首先由王夫之的詩論切入，討論《龍舟會》對於地點的指涉與王夫之的詩歌史想像的關係。第二、三兩節分析劇中作為復仇起點的謎語解答的道德意義，以及復仇與道德實踐工夫的關係。最後，本文由敘述的結構本身入手，探討王夫之對於《龍舟會》這部作品的意義的定位。本文試圖指出，《龍舟會》作為王夫之對於遺民經驗的表述，是在與王夫之的詩學與史論相互指涉的網絡中獲取意義，而其意義最終則歸結到儒家道德工夫的實踐。

Dragonboat Gathering (LZH), Wang Fuzhi’s only known dramatic work, is based on a Tang tale and its late Ming vernacular revision, which recounts how Xie Xiao’e avenges the murder of her father and husband. Most scholars agree that Wang’s LZH turns the Xie Xiao’e story into an allegory for national trauma. This study offers a different way of understanding LZH by reading the play along with Wang Fuzhi’s philosophical thought, historical essays, and discussions on poetry. The article begins by discussing the relationship between the reference of place and Wang Fuzhi’s construction of poetic lineage; it then analyzes the moral significance of the riddle solving scene in the play, the point of departure for the vengeance. The third part of the article explains how the act of vengeance is related to Wang Fuzhi’s concept of moral cultivation. Lastly, by investigating the structure of the narrative, the article illustrates how Wang Fuzhi positioned LZH in relation to a larger poetic tradition. It argues that LZH is a work strongly infused with the characteristics of Confucian philosophical thought. For Wang Fuzhi, Confucian moral cultivation was an effective means of coping with the national and historical traumatic experiences caused by the fall of the Ming dynasty, of which LZH was a dramatic representation.