科技治理“倫理化”的法律意涵

傳統上，科技治理主要聚焦健康、環境等物理性風險；但在當代，科技治理開始關注並回應科技對人的主體性、社會交往規則、價值觀念的影響等倫理問題，並不斷呈現出“倫理化”態勢。這要求我們反思將科技與科技使用行為相割裂的方法論，推動科技治理適度民主化、社會化。但這一任務面臨科技與社會關係的不確定性、開放決策維度的難題、倫理立場的多元性與變動性等挑戰。為應對這些挑戰，法律需要警惕技術決定論的思維和行為模式，需要為人類活動面對新興科技的調適能力提供制度環境。科技治理的倫理化，一方面要求在科技研發、設計等“上游”，設計原則性、程序性的要求，推動倫理考量結構化地嵌入科技研發過程，確保科技研發不僅僅考慮工具性價值，而且關注複合性的科技-倫理探究；另一方面，這也要求法律對“下游”的涉科技使用行為進行回應性規制。通過創造一種科技治理的制度生態，法律可促成技術的工具價值與社會價值體系之間的持續對話和不斷調適。

On the basis of focusing on physical risks such as health and environmental risks in the past, contemporary technology governance has begun to pay attention to and respond to ethical issues such as the subjectivity of technology to people, social interaction rules, and views of values. This requires us to reflect on the methodology that separates technology from the behavior of technology use, and promote the moderate democratization and socialization of technology governance. However, this task faces challenges such as the uncertainty of the relationship between technology and society, the difficulty of opening up the dimensions of decision- making, and the diversity and variability of ethical positions. In order to meet these challenges, the law needs to be vigilant against technologically deterministic thinking and behavior patterns, and it needs to provide an institutional environment for human activities to adapt to emerging technologies. Ethicalization of technology governance requires, on the one hand, to design principled and procedural requirements in the “upstream”of technology research and development, design and so on to promote the structural embedding of ethical considerations into the technology research and development process, and to ensure that technological research and development not only consider instrumental values, but also focus on complex technology-ethical inquiry. On the other hand, this also requires the law to responsively regulate“downstream”technology-related use behaviors. By creating an institutional ecology of technological governance, law can facilitate continuous dialogue and adjustment between the instrumental value of technology and the social value system.