刑事政策與女性毒品犯的生育行為之關連性

Criminal Policy and Reproductive Behavior of Female Drug Offenders

根據監獄行刑法第11條及刑事訴訟法第114條及行政執行第21條之規定，懷胎五個月或妊娠二個月不得收監執行或羈押，此類立法標示了保障懷孕婦女之身心權益之用意。本文目的是探討反覆進出刑事司法體系，對法規並不陌生的毒品女犯，其高生育率是否有可能與以懷孕躲避刑事追訴或處罰之具有關連性。若此等假設成立，原本立法保障懷孕婦女與其身體自主權的美意，可能產生危害其胎兒身心發展權益之負面效果。胎兒係國家資產，但女性又有決定產子身體自主權，本文認為探討此一議題可思考國家刑事政策是否衡平法律有效執行與符合社會福利的公平正義。本文訪談在監20-45歲之女性受刑人，分為兩組，第一組為毒品女犯，共七人，七人都是攜子入監，兩人入監前曾生育；第二組為三名非毒品女犯，均有生育經驗，但無攜子入監經驗，此為對照組，訪談兩組受刑人生育行為與決策過程，以及刑事政策與法規對兩組受刑人的差異影響。此外，為了核對受刑人陳述的效度，也訪談三名資深監所管理人員，說明他們對攜子入監女受刑人的觀察，以及毒品犯罪類型之差異。研究發現攜子入監的毒品女犯比非毒品女犯的生育行為特徵主要差異在於前者的伴侶，多半也有使用或販賣毒品問題、多採取「有緣就生」的生育態度，平均生育人數較高，且多數會更不排斥攜子入監所。更進一步分析後，使用毒品婦女雖無身心疾病，但難以認定其有生育決策能力。此外，他們均善於使用各種政策的資源，如請領地方政府的生育補助金，且可能領取後轉買毒品或利用生育成為收入來源。而攜子入監的刑事政策，對他們而言，可以獲得監所特殊物資（如：有獨立床位、做月子期間不需工廠工作、有子女入監工作可減量、民間團體的物資補助等），博得其他受刑人或監所管理人員的同情，又可在排解服刑的寂寞。累犯毒品女犯也很清楚因懷孕停止羈押或執行之刑事政策，是一條「通往自由的捷徑」。本文最後提出四項建議：1. 檢討攜子入監政策的妥適性；2. 特別針對女性毒品犯制訂生育抉擇之防衛機制；3. 修訂刑事訴訟法及監獄行刑法部分條文；4. 毒品女累犯，建議採母子分離、收養期限後家庭復合政策。

Based on Article 11 of the Taiwanese Penalty Code, Article 114 of the Criminal Procedure Code and Article 21 of the Administrative Enforcement Act, women who are pregnant for more than five months or are within two months of having given birth cannot be imprisoned or detained. The laws are to protect women’s rights in good deed. It is observed that repeated female drug offenders are familiar with these laws and regulations. The study also noticed that these women seemly tend to use pregnancy to avoid prosecution and imprisonment. Thus, the present study seeks to discover whether or not these women are using this legal loopholes to avoid their legal constrained by continuously getting themselves pregnant. In addition, the study argues that the continual pregnancy among female drug-abusers has inflicted with infants’ rights for development. Children rights versus women’s rights to control their own bodies has yet to clarify how we can be mindful of the rule of law and policy implementation while also ensuring social welfare policies are just and fair. This study interviewed seven incarcerated 20-45-year-old female drug-offenders, three incarcerated female non-drug offenders and three correctional staff to better understand the phenomenon of pregnancy among female drug offenders and their decision making in relation to their knowledge on above criminal policy. Seven drug offenders took their babies to serve time together in prisons. The analysis revealed the decision-making process of pregnancy for these women are for example, to gain monetary subsidize from the local government, to make the prison life easier by getting more privileges with their babies e.g. hot water, own bed, less factory work), and to obtain free nutrition products and baby materials from prisons and charity groups. The interviewees also revealed that they usually don’t know how they became pregnant but they do, they tend to keep the babies regardless of baby’s upbringing and future welfare. Taking the angles from non-drug female offenders and prison staff, they also perceived these pregnancy of drug offenders using babies as a tool to get materials goods and to their “pathway to freedom”. In conclude, the study argues that the ability of female drug-offenders to make decisions with regards to their reproductive behavior is questionable. There is also side effects of pregnancy subsidize policies to encourage these women having babies without considering children’s long term welfare. Continual pregnancy is also a pathway for them to freedom. This study recommends to revise the Eugenic Health Law to relax abortion policy for at risk women as such, to revise the above legal codes to discourage these women taking advantages and to establish relevant administrative resources to screen those mental and physical wellbeing of pregnant female prisoners and develop early interventions to send these babies to temporary adopted family instead of raising them in prison with the mothers. A proper social welfare benefits is to be developed to monitor these mothers and children’s health, quality of life and continual pregnancy after releasing from prisons.