中共人民武裝警察部隊的組建與改革

The Establishment and Reforms of People’s Armed Police Force of China

中共《國防法》、《兵役法》、《武警法》與《中國武裝力量的多樣化運用》白皮書等都提到，人民解放軍（共軍）、武裝警察部隊、民兵是中共的三大武裝力量。隨著習近平對武警部隊的改革，當今的武警儼然已經成為習近平推動軍改以來的「第七大軍種」。武警部隊對於中共政權的穩定，不僅具有舉足輕重的地位，更有著相互依存的關係。自1949年中共建政以來，其武警部隊組織結構已經歷多次大小的改編重組過程，直到1982年正式組建「武警部隊」，將中國各種國情需求下產生的現役部隊納編，因而形成軍委與國務院「雙重領導」體制、指揮重疊、編制複雜且任務繁多的八大武警種類。習近平成為第五代中共領導人後，自2013年起便開始推動全面性的國防與軍隊改革。2017年12月，武警部隊指揮體制從中央軍委與國務院雙重領導，改為由中央軍委「統一領導」，在原武警編制序列中，保留內衛部隊作為武警主體，並將海警部隊轉隸至武警體系。《人民武裝警察法》的修訂案在2020年6月20日通過後，更確定武警體系由黨中央與中央軍事委員會統一領導的制度規範。因此，中共武警部隊在習近平推動軍改前後的變革、軍事能量、戰略角色與功能都值得深入探究。

According to the National Defense Law, Military Service Law, People’s Armed Police Law, and the “Diversified Use of China’s Armed Forces” white paper of the PRC, People’s Liberation Army (PLA), People’s Armed Police Force (PAP), and the militia are the three major armed forces of China. With Xi Jinping’s promotion of PAP reform, the PAP has strictly become the “seventh army” of the PLA. Since the establishment of the CCP in 1949, the organizational structure of the PAP force has undergone many large and small reorganization and reintegration. Until 1982, the PAP was formally established by Deng Xiaoping and incorporated with the active forces that generated by China’s various national conditions and needs. Therefore, the PAP force has become the eight types of armed police under the “dual leadership” system between the Central Military Commission (CMC) and the State Council, and caused many problems like overlapping command, complex organization, and various tasks. After Xi became the fifth-generation leader of China, he has been promoting comprehensive national defense and military reforms since 2013. In December 2017, the PAP command system changed from the dual leadership of the CMC and the State Council to the “unified leadership” of the CMC. Additionally, the amendment of the People’s Armed Police Law passed on June 20, 2020 further confirms that the PAP system is under the unified leadership of the CMC. Therefore, the changes, military capabilities, strategic roles, and functions of the PAP before and after Xi’s military reforms are all worthy of indepth exploration.