從美英關係來看美國首度對華門戶開放政策(1897-1900)

A Study of the First American Open Door Policy from the Perspective of Anglo-American Relations, 1897-1900

本文以美國、英國、德國官方檔案文獻，做為一手史料，並輔以當代美國、英國報紙新聞，參酌中外史家的相關論著，從現實政治(Realpolitik)的觀點，回顧剖析美英關係下，海約翰國務卿第一次對華門戶開放政策通牒的原因、策略、與影響。
第一節回顧中外相關之學術著作，藉以闡明筆者分析海卿對華政策所涉國際因素必要之原因；第二節分析自美國獨立建國以來直至1890年代末期與英國錯綜複雜的關係，回顧其矛盾與合作並存的現象，釐清兩國關係在海卿門戶開放政策通牒前的相關發展；第三節檢視中國複雜的局勢，蓋自1897年末德據膠州灣起、列強競相強租中國港灣，中國已處於瓜分之危崖，英國在其中具關鍵作用，論述美國必須因應原因；第四節研究海卿向列強發出門戶開放通牒的策略以及英、德、俄的反應；末節，筆者根據前面各節所述，提出結論。

From the perspective of Realpolitik, this paper reviews and analyzes the cause, strategy, and effect of John Hay’s first Open Door note, under Anglo-American relations, by using American, British, and German official documents as primary sources and contemporary Western newspapers and by studying related historians’ works.
The first section, after a survey of related works, explains why it is necessary to analyze international factors related to US Secretary of State John Hay’s China policy. The second section is focused on the complicated Anglo-American relations from the founding of the United Stated through the late 1890’s, illustrating the coexistence of conflict and cooperation. It is to clarify the two countries’ related relations before Hay’s Open Door note. The third section looks into the Chinese situation at that time. Since Germany occupied Jiaozhou Bay in late 1897, the powers followed suit and China was on the verge of being partitioned. Britain played a critical part to which American had to respond. The fourth section details the strategy Hay used in sending his Open Door notes and how Britain, Russia, and Germany responded. The last section is the conclusion based on the aforementioned sections.