商法的祛魅經由企業經營組織建構商事法律關係

形成商事法律關係的評價機制是建構商法體系的關鍵環節。傳統商法學說對商事法律關係的界定存在不足：權利客體的特殊性對於商事法律關係的評價意義有限；傳統的商主體學說是形式性的；以主體的交易經驗等因素作為直接的評價連接點不僅存在巨大缺陷，而且缺乏實證法基礎。《民法典》原則上將商事因素作為多項制度的考量因素之一，例外地規定了針對企業的特別制度。從商法典的普遍歷史來看，企業經營組織是各國商法的共同基礎。規範性平均類型意義上的企業經營組織是由最低限度的勞動力與複數財產要素所組成的獨立、持續營業的組織化統一體，在市場上有償地以供給方的容態出現。農村承包經營戶、個體工商戶可借助商事登記確定商主體身份；營利法人及經濟性的非法人組織是法定的企業經營者；其他法人以其從事營業活動為限，構成企業經營者。在企業經營組織及企業經營者基礎上將進一步形成三種維度的商法規範，前者的對外私法活動相應地構成商事法律關係。

Shaping the identification mechanism of a commercial law relationship is one of the key steps towards the construction of a commercial law system. The traditional theories of identifying a commercial law relationship are insufficient in several ways: the particularity of the objects of rights is of limited significance for the identification of commercial law relationships; the traditional commercial law subject theory is too formalistic for practical use; and identifying commercial law relationship through the subject’s transaction experience and other factors can be misleading and has no legal basis. The Chinese Civil Code uses commercial factors as one of the elements for consideration when applying norms in principle and sets a single particular norm for enterprises. The general history of commercial codes has revealed that the enterprise is the common basis of the commercial laws across different countries. In the sense of an average normative type, an enterprise could be defined as an independent and continuously operating business organization composed of the minimum labor force and multiple property elements, appearing in the market as suppliers for profit-seeking purposes. Rural usufructuary households and sole traders can use commercial registration to determine their identity as a business entity. Profit-seeking legal persons and unincorporated economic organizations are enterprise operators by legal default. Other legal persons could be enterprise operators by virtue of their business activities. On the basis of enterprise and enterprise operators, commercial law norms could be further developed in three different dimensions.