政府管制在中國大陸共享經濟中的影響：以北京市共享單車產業為例

The Government’s Role in Regulating China’s Sharing Economy: A Case Study of the Bike-Sharing Industry in Beijing

全球經濟危機與消費方式的變化，與他人共享資源的「共享經濟」模式已成為一種新經濟範式而突飛猛進。隨著智能手機的普及，移動支付的擴展，以及政府政策的支持，中國大陸共享經濟在 2016 年左右開始備受關注。同時，中國大陸政府每年發布有關共享經濟的報告，以此積極呼應與支持共享經濟的潮流。尤其是「共享單車」，在中國大陸產業政策中作為共享經濟的新興產業，基於其使用上的便捷性與操作簡單性，擁有龐大消費群體並且實現快速增長。但譽為中國大陸的「新四大發明」而扶搖直上的共享單車產業，自 2018 年起有關公司卻發生破產與面臨出售的困境，整個產業都面臨重大危機，並最終導致產業的敗局。因此，本文將回答：儘管共享單車市場穩定且政府給予積極的政策支持，但為何中國大陸共享單車產業仍步上衰退之路？同時，為何在如此短的時間內，會出現一個產業的興衰？本文透過「新制度主義」途徑釐清共享單車產業的興衰及相關行為者造成的影響以及新商業模式上的漸進制度變遷，並且主張其主要原因在於共享單車市場缺乏政府的有效管制和制度。

With the global economic crisis, the model of sharing resources with others has evolved into a new economic paradigm and the “sharing economy” became a new phenomenon that has fundamentally transformed consumer habits. In addition, the widespread use of smartphones, the rise of mobile payments, and government policy support, the sharing economy in China has gained traction since 2016. Simultaneously, the Chinese government produced annual studies on the sharing economy in order to actively respond to, and encourage, the rising industry. In particular, due to its convenience and ease of use, “bike-sharing” has acquired a wide consumer base and achieved significant expansion. However, after a brief period of success, the bike-sharing industry has gone bankrupt and sales slumped since 2018, with the entire industry facing a major crisis, eventually leading to failure. This study examines which elements contributed to the bike-sharing industry’s downfall in China, as well as the reasons for its rise and fall in such a short period using Beijing as the case study, despite the stable conditions of the “bike-sharing” market and the active policy support provided by the Chinese government from the perspective of New Institutionalism. The study found that the impact of various actors involved at various stages of the “Bike-sharing” market and the gradual institutional change in the industry were most impactful. Finally, this article will argue that the main reason is a lack of effective government regulation, in terms of the institution throughout the entire industry.